Health Related Behaviours, Beliefs and Attitudes Flashcards
Definition of internal control factors
Whether someone is capable of behavioral change
Definition of external control factors
Whether the behavior change will have an effect
Definition of the intention behaviour gap
When someone has high intentions to change their behavior but doesnt act on their intention
Definition of self efficacy
Belief/confidence that I can perform a behavior
How has the cause of mortality changed over time
Causes of mortality has changed from infectious disease => chronic disease (affected more by behavior)
What are the links between behavior and health
- top 10 causes of mortality
- cancer
- heart disease, stroke, T2D
Account for 50% of premature deaths from the top 10 causes of mortality
Account for 40% of cancers
80% of heart disease, stroke and T2D could be avoided
What 8 health behaviors are integral to mortality
Smoking Physical inactivity Drinking more than moderate levels of alcohol Not eating 5+ portions of fruit and veg Snacking between meals Sleeping more than 8 and less than 7 Skipping breakfast Over/underweight
Even when age, gender, SES, BMI were controlled
What are the 2 types of health behaviour
What do they involve
Enhancing
-promoting/protective
=healthy diet, exercise
Compromising
-risky
=excess alcohol, smoking
-illness related
=adherence to treatment/appointment attendance
What are the 2 properties of health behaviours
Independent
-however you can transfer self efficacy skills to improve other behaviours
Unstable over time, not a linear relationship
What are the 3 determinants of health behaviour, social factors
Home
- observational learning
- modelling +ve/-ve behaviours
Culture and legislation
- taxation
- criminalisation
Peers
-social pressure
Describe how operant conditioning and reinforcement value can affect
- risky behaviours
- health promoting behaviours
Risky behaviours
- immediate +ve reinforcement
- often started at a time when there is not punishment on health
- nicotine and the reward pathway
Health promoting behaviour
- generally no immediate +ve reinforcement
- long term gain
Describe the usefulness and drawbacks of symptoms on health behavior
Some health behaviors have a physiological response which can positively reinforce and sustain behavior
Can be a negative reinforcer
-sustain behavior to prevent symptoms
Can act as a trigger to behavior change
-symptoms can remind you to take meds
Lack of symptoms can cause you to forget to take your meds
How can emotions impact on your health behaviors
- postive
- negative
Positive
-excercise in response to stress
Negative
- smoking/drinking/overeating to self sooth
- fear, avoidance patterns of dentist/flu jab
Generally negative emotion focused coping is uneffective on promoting health
What are cognitions/belief
Belief and perceptions about behavior determine motivation to act
Describe the Health Belief Model
4 cues to act
- perceived susceptibility
- perceived severity => perceived threat
- perceived costs/barriers
- perceived benefits => cost/benefit assessment
Perceived threat and cost/benefit assessment balanced against each other => likelihood of behavior change
Which pillar of the HBM should you focus on addressing in
- screening
- risk reduction
- adherence to treatment
Screening
-Most important to address barriers
Risk reduction
-Most important to address benefits
Adherence to treatment
-Most important to address barriers
How would you address and explore a patients perceptions
-4 ways
Use open ended questions to explore their views and perceptions
Target perceptions with
- education
- action plans
- problem solving
Describe the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Attitude toward behavior
-beliefs and evaluation of outcomes
Subjective norms
- other peoples views
- motivation to comply with other peoples views
Perceived behavioral control
- internal control factors (are you capable of change)
- external control factors (how much will this work)
All 3 will give you an idea of the behavioral intention
What is the main drawback of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Behavioral intention may be very high but it cannot predict for behavior
What is the Intention Behavior Gap
Explores impact of social norms and perceived behavioral control (confidence)
What 3 factors contribute to the Intention Behavior Gap
We assume that we will change our behaviors
Automatic habit
Emotions
-low mood/anxiety => decreased health behavior
How would you implement your intentions and avoid the Intention Behavior Gap
Clear action plan that includes
- When
- Where
- How
- Who with
Use cues to to help translate behavior => conscious awareness
What interventions to change behavior don’t work
Only information provision
-everyone has different attitudes and motivations
Fear arousal
-leads to increased defensive processing => info ignored
How can you use fear to change behaviour
What else would you need to do to do so
Fear only works if self efficacy is high
Action plans allows self efficacy boost and cues behavior
Both lead to increased self efficacy
