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Neuroscience, Behavior and Social Sciences > Brain and the Cranium > Flashcards

Brain and the Cranium Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cranium

A

Protects brain and sensory organs

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2
Q

What are the 2 main sections of the cranium

A

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

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3
Q

What is the function of the neurocranium
What makes up the neurocranium
What are the 8 bones found here
Which ones are paired

A

Protects brain and brain stem

Forms

  • skull cap
  • cranial base
  • intracranial region

Frontal
Ethmoidal (in eye socket)
Sphenoid (just in front of temple)
Occipital (back)

2x
Temporal
Parietal

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4
Q

What is the function of the viscerocranium
What makes up the viscerocranium
What are the 14 bones found here
Which ones are paired

A

Facial skeleton

Forms

  • facial bones that support facial tissues
  • upper and lower jaw
  • nose, nasal cavity, orbits

Vomer (nasal septum)
Mandible (lower jaw)

2x
Maxilla (upper jaw)
Inf nasal concha
Lacrimal (medial to eyes)
Nasal (between eyes)
Palatine (hard palate)
Zygomatic (cheekbone)
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5
Q

What is the only movable joint in the skull

A

Mandible

temporomandibular joint

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6
Q

Name the 4 main brain regions

A

L and R cerebral hemispheres
-connected by corpus callosum

Diencephalon

Brainstem

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata (passes through foramen magnum)

Cerebellum

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7
Q

Name the 6 main brain lobes

What sulci separate the lobes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Cerebellum
Brainstem

Central sulcus
-separates the frontal and parietal

Lateral sulcus
-separates the temporal and frontal lobe

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8
Q

Describe the location of the 3 cranial fossa

What part of the brain is found in each fossa

A

Frontal
-ant cranial fossa

Temporal
-middle cranial fossa

Cerebellum
-post cranial fossa

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9
Q

What is the function of the foramen in the skull
How many cranial nerves are there
Which parts of the brain do they pass through

A

Allow cranial nerves to pass through to the head and neck

12 cranial nerves
Olfactory (I), optic (II) => cerebrum
Remaining 10 => brainstem

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10
Q

Name all 12 cranial nerves

A 
I, olfactory
II, optic
III, oculomotor
IV, trochlear
V, trigeminal
VI, abducens
VII, facial 
VIII, vestibulocochlear
IX, glossopharyngeal
X, vagus
XI, spinal accessory
XII, hypoglossal
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11
Q

What foramen is associated with olfactory nerve I

A

Cribiformplate

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12
Q

What foramen is associated with optic nerve II

A

Optic canal

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13
Q

What foramen is associated with oculomotor III, trochlear IV, trigeminal V and abducens VI

A

Superior orbital fissure

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14
Q

Which 2 foramen are associated with only trigeminal V

A

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

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15
Q

Which foramen is associated with facial VII, vestibulocochlear VIII

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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16
Q

Which foramen is associated with glossopharyngeal IX, vagus X and spinal accessory XI

A

Jugular foramen

17
Q

Which foramen is associated with hypoglossal XII

A

Hypoglossal canal

18
Q

What structure is associated with the foramen magnum

A

Medulla oblongata

19
Q

Name the 3 layers of the meninges

What are their functions

A

Dura mater

  • outermost layer
  • collagen fibres = mechanical protective cover
  • Sagittal sinus blood here

Arachnoid mater

  • CSF found in subarachnoid
  • delicate non vascular connective tissue

Pia mater (microscope needed)

  • continuous with brain/cord surface
  • supports brain blood supply
  • forms choroid plexus that lines all ventricles (produces CSF) with ependymal cells
20
Q

Name the layers of the head in order from the scalp to the white matter

What structure comes out of the arachnoid mater
What layers does it pierce through

A 
Scalp
Periosteum 
Skull
Periosteal layer of dura mater
Meningeal layer of dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Cerebral cortex
White matter

Arachnoid villus, reabsorbs CSF
-passes through subdural space and meningeal layer of dura mater

21
Q 
What is the middle meningeal artery
What does it branch off
It is a terminal branch of what artery
Describe the route of the middle meningeal
What does it supply
A

Largest of 3 paired arteries supplying meninges
Branch of maxillary artery
Terminal branch of ext carotid artery

Foramen spinosum => under pterion => supplies dura mater and calvaria

22
Q

What is the pterion

A

Where sutures of the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones meet

23
Q

What are the cerebral ventricles
What is their function
What are they lined by
Name the 4 ventricles

A

Communicating cavities that

  • produce
  • transport
  • remove CSF via arachnoid granulations into systemic veins

Lined by ependymal cells => choroid plexus

2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

24
Q

Describe the route of the CSF through the ventricles into the rest of the brain

A

Lateral ventricle => towards frontal horn => 3rd ventricle => under temporal horn => into cerebral aqueduct => 4th ventricle => exits ventricles via lateral and median apertures into subarachnoid space

Enter arachnoid villus => superior sagittal sinus

25
Q

Describe the 4 main structures that come off the spinal cord

A

Nerve roots
Peripheral nerves

Conus medullaris
Cauda equina

26
Q

Name the structures found in a cross section of the spinal cord

A

Afferents
Spinal nerve => dorsal root ganglia => dorsal root => dorsal horn

Efferents
Ventral horn => ventral root

Surrounded by dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

27
Q

Describe the ascending sensory pathway, leminiscal

A

1st order neurones

  • carry sensory info from periphery in dorsal column => medulla oblongata
  • T6 and above => fasciculus cuneatus => nucleus cuneatus
  • Below T6 => fasciculus gracilis => nucleus gracilis

2nd order neurones
-Cuneate/gracilis nucleus => cross sides => contralateral medial reminisces => thalamus

3rd order neurones
-thalamus => ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

28
Q

Describe the ascending sensory pathway, spinothalamic pathway

A

1st order neurones
-sensory from periphery => synapse in dorsal horn

2nd order neurones
-dorsal horn => cross sides => ant or lat spinothalamic tract => synapse in thalamus

3rd order neurones
-thalamus => ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

29
Q

Name the 2 main ascending sensory pathways

A

Spinothalamic

Leminiscal

30
Q

Name the 2 main descending voluntary pathways

A

Corticospinal

Corticobulbar

31
Q

Describe the descending motor pathway, corticospinal pathway (voluntary)

A

Cerebrum receives inputs from

  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • supplementary motor area

Neurons converge => medulla

2 tracts here

  • lat CS tract => crosses over to contralateral side at level of medulla
  • ant CS tract => crosses over to contralateral side at level of cervical/thoracic nerves

Synapse with motor neurones

32
Q

Describe the structure of the fetal skull

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • lateral
  • posterior
A

Frontal bone has 2 parts

  • anterior fontanelle => bregnum
  • future coronal suture

Lateral

  • lat ant and lat post fontanelle
  • future squamous suture

Posterior

  • posterior fontanelle => lambda
  • future lambydoid suture

Superior
-future sagittal suture

Neuroscience, Behavior and Social Sciences (50 decks)

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