health promotion of toddlers (1-3 years)

Question 1

anterior fontanels

Answer 1

• close by 18 months

Question 2

weight, height, head circumference

Answer 2

• At 30 months of age, toddlers should weigh four times their birth weights.
• Height: Toddlers grow about 7.5 cm (3 in) per year.
• Head circumference and chest circumference are usually equal by 1 to 2 years of age.

Question 3

cognitive development

Answer 3

• piaget
• Sensorimotor stage transitions to the preoperational stage around age 19 to 24 months.
• The concept of object permanence becomes fully developed.
• Toddlers have and demonstrate memories of events that relate to them.
• Domestic mimicry (playing house) is evident.
• Preoperational does allow them to symbolize objects and people to imitate previously seen activities.

Question 4

language
1
2
3

Answer 4

• Language increases to about 300 words by the age of 2 years.
• 1 year: using one-word sentences, or holophrases
• 2 years: using multiword sentences by combining two to three words
• 3 years: combining several words to create simple sentences using grammatical rules

Question 5

psychosocial development

Answer 5

• Erikson: autonomy versus shame and doubt
• Independence is paramount for toddlers, who are attempting to do everything for themselves.
• Toddlers often use negativism, or negative responses, as they begin to express their independence.
• Ritualism, or maintaining routines and reliability, provides a sense of comfort for toddlers as they begin to explore the environment beyond those most

Question 6

moral development

Answer 6

Egocentric: Toddlers are unable to see things from the perspectives of others; they can only view things from their personal points of view.

Punishment and obedience orientation begin with a sense that good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished.

Question 7

playing

Answer 7

Solitary play evolves into parallel play, in which toddlers observe other children and then might engage in activities nearby.

Filling and emptying containers
Playing with blocks
Looking at books
Push-pull toys
Tossing balls
Finger paints
Large-piece puzzles
Thick crayons

Question 8

age appropriate activties

Answer 8

• Temper tantrums result when toddlers are frustrated with restrictions on independence.
• Providing consistent, age-appropriate expectations helps toddlers to work through frustration.
• Toilet training can begin when toddlers have the sensation of needing to urinate or defecate.
• Nighttime control might develop last.
• Discipline should be consistent with well-defined boundaries that are established to develop appropriate social behavior.

Question 9

nutriton

Answer 9

• Children might establish lifetime eating habits during early childhood.
• Generally picky eaters who repeatedly request their favorite foods.
• Should consume 24 to 28 oz of milk per day
• Juice consumption should be limited to 4 to 6 oz per day.
• Diet should include 1 cup of fruit daily.
• Toddlers generally prefer finger foods because of increasing autonomy.
• Physiologic anorexia occurs, resulting in toddlers becoming fussy eaters because of a decreased appetite.

Question 10

what to avoid w nutriton

Answer 10

• Snacks or desserts that are high in sugar, fat, or sodium should be avoided.
• Foods that are potential choking hazards (nuts, grapes, hot dogs, peanut butter, raw carrots, tough meats, popcorn) should be avoided.
• Adult supervision should always be provided
• Foods should be cut into small, bite-size pieces to make them easier to swallow and to prevent choking.
• Toddlers should not be allowed to engage in drinking or eating during play activities or while lying down.

Question 11

sleep

Answer 11

• Toddlers typically average 11 to 12 hr of sleep per day, including one nap.
• Naps often are eliminated in older toddlerhood.
• Resistance to bedtime and expression of fears are common in this age group.
• Maintaining a regular bedtime and bedtime routines are helpful to promote sleep.

Question 12

dental health

Answer 12

• Flossing and brushing should be performed by the adult caregiver and are the best methods of removing plaque.
• Brushing should occur after meals and at bedtime.
• Nothing to eat or drink, except water, is given to the child after the bedtime cleaning.
• Fluoride is supplemented for children living in areas without adequate levels in drinking water.
• Early childhood caries is a form a tooth decay that develops in toddlers and is more common in children who are put to bed with a bottle of juice or milk.
• Consumption of cariogenic foods should be eliminated if possible.

Question 13

aspiration of foreight objects

Answer 13

• Small objects (grapes, coins, candy) that can become lodged in the throat should be avoided.
• Toys that have small parts should be kept out of reach.
• Clothing should be checked for safety hazards (loose buttons).
• Balloons should be kept away from toddlers.
• Parents should know emergency procedures for choking.

Question 14

bodily harm

Answer 14

Sharp objects should be kept out of reach.
Firearms should be kept in locked boxes or cabinets.
Toddlers should not be left unattended with any animals present.
Toddlers should be taught stranger safety