health promotion of infants (2 days to 1 year)

Question 1

head circumference cm

Answer 1

33 and 35 cm (13 and 14 in).

Question 2

head to heel length averages

Answer 2

48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in).

Question 3

new born weight

Answer 3

2,700 to 4,000 g (6 to 9 lb).

Question 4

expected growth in first few days

Answer 4

• Newborns will lose up to 10% of their birth weight by 3 to 4 days of age.
• This is due to fluid shifts, loss of meconium, and limited intake, especially in infants who are breastfed.
• The birth weight is usually regained by the tenth to fourteenth day of life, depending on the feeding method used.

Question 5

fontanel

Answer 5

Posterior fontanel closes by 6 to 8 weeks of age.

Anterior fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months of age.

Infant size is tracked using weight, height, and head circumference measurements.

Question 6

weight

Answer 6

• Infants gain approximately 680 g (1.5 lb) per month during the first 5 months of life.
• The average weight of a 6 month old infant is 7.26 kg (16 lb).
• Birth weight is at least doubled by the age of 5 months, and tripled by the age of 12 months to an average of 9.75 kg (21.5 lb).

Question 7

when do teeth arrive

Answer 7

6-8 teeth by end of first year

- ages of 6 and 10 months

Question 8

sypmtoms of teeth coming in

Answer 8

irritable, have difficulty sleeping, have a mild fever, rub their ears, and have decreased appetite for solid foods.

Question 9

teeth pain remedies

Answer 9

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and/or ibuprofen (Advil) are appropriate if irritability interferes with sleeping and feeding, but should not be used for more than 3 days. Ibuprofen should be used only in infants over the age of 6 months.
● Clean infants’ teeth using cool, wet washcloths.
● Bottles should not be given to infants when they are falling asleep because prolonged exposure to milk or juice can cause early childhood dental caries.

Question 10

cognitive deveopment

Answer 10

Piaget: sensorimotor stage (birth to 24 months)
Infants progress from reflexive to simple repetitive to imitative activities.
Separation, object permanence, and mental representation are the three important tasks accomplished in this stage.
Separation: Infants learn to separate themselves from other objects in the environment.
Object permanence: The process by which infants learn that an object still exists when it is out of view. This occurs at approximately 9 to 10 months of age.
◯ Mental representation: The ability to recognize and use symbols.

Question 11

language development

when does cooing start?
interested in environment?
turn head to sound of rattle?
laughs and squeal?
3-5 words by?
comprehends word no?

Answer 11

Crying is the first form of verbal communication.
Vocalizes with cooing noises by 3 to 4 months.
Shows considerable interest in the environment by 3 months.
Turns head to the sound of a rattle by 3 months.
Laughs and squeals by 4 months.
Says three to five words by the age of 1 year.
Comprehends the word “no” by 9 to 10 months and obeys single commands accompanied by gestures.

Question 12

psychosocial development

Answer 12

Erikson: trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year)

• The infant begins to learn delayed gratification. Failure to learn delayed gratification leads to mistrust.
• Trust is developed by meeting comfort, feeding, stimulation, and caring needs.
• Mistrust develops if needs are inadequately or inconsistently met, or if needs are continuously met before being vocalized by the infant.

Question 13

social development
separation anixety
stranger fear

reactive attachment disorder?

Answer 13

• Separation anxiety begins around 4 to 8 months of age. Infants will protest when separated from parents, which can cause considerable anxiety for parents.
• Stranger fear becomes evident between 6 and 8 months
• Reactive attachment disorder results from maladaptive or absent attachment between the infant and primary caregiver and continues through childhood and adulthood.

Question 14

Toys and activities that stimulate the senses and encourage development include

Answer 14

Rattles, Teething toys
Soft stuffed toys
Playing pat-a-cake, Reading books
Mirrors
Brightly colored toys, Playing with blocks

Question 15

health promotion for newborns

Answer 15

• Newborns should be placed in an federally approved car seat at a 45 degree angle to prevent slumping and airway obstruction.
• The car seat is placed rear facing in the rear seat of the vehicle and secured using the safety belt.
• Instruct parents that their newborn will require a checkup by a provider within 72 hr of discharge.
• This is especially important for breastfed newborns to evaluate weight and hydration status.

Question 16

nutriton for first 6 months

Answer 16

• Breastfeeding provides a complete diet for infants during the first 6 months.
• Juice or water are not needed during the first 4 months of life.
• Excessive intake of water could result in hyponatremia and water intoxication.
• Begin vitamin D supplements within the first few days of life to prevent rickets and vitamin D deficiency.
• Iron supplements are recommended for infants who are being exclusively breastfed after the age of 4 months.

Question 17

solds

• Vegetables or fruits are started first between
• Citrus fruits, meat, and eggs are not started until after

Answer 17

• Solids are introduced around 4 to 6 months of age.
• Iron-fortified cereal is typically introduced first due to its high iron content.
• New foods should be introduced one at a time to observe for signs of allergy or intolerance
• Vegetables or fruits are started first between 6 and 8 months of age.
• Citrus fruits, meat, and eggs are not started until after 6 months of age.

Question 18

breast milk wheenings, table foods, bed time feedings

Answer 18

• Breast milk/formula should be decreased as intake of solid foods increases, but should remain the primary source of nutrition through the first year.
• Table foods that are well-cooked, chopped, and unseasoned are appropriate by 1 year of age.
• Weaning can be accomplished when infants show signs of readiness and are able to drink from a cup
• Bedtime feedings are the last to be stopped

Question 19

apprpriate finger foods

Answer 19

Appropriate finger foods include ripe bananas, toast strips, graham crackers, cheese cubes, noodles, firmly-cooked vegetables, and raw pieces of fruit (except grapes).
Gradually replace one bottle or breastfeeding at a time with breast milk or formula in a cup with handles.

Question 20

sleep for infants

Answer 20

• Nocturnal sleep pattern is established by 3 to 4 months of age.
• Infants sleep 14 to 15 hr daily and 9 to 11 hr at night around the age of 4 months.
• Infants sleep through the night and take one to two naps during the day by the age of 12 months.

Question 21

aspiration prevention

Answer 21

Hold the infant for feedings; do not prop bottles.

Small objects that can become lodged in the throat (grapes, coins, candy) should be avoided.

Question 22

bodily harm

Answer 22

• Sharp objects should be kept out of reach.
• Anchor heavy objects and furniture so they cannot be overturned on top of the infant.
• Infants should not be left unattended with any animals present.

Question 23

avoiding burns

Answer 23

Avoid warming formula in a microwave
The temperature of bath water should be checked.
Working smoke detectors should be kept in the home.
Handles of pots and pans should be kept turned to the back of stoves.
Sunscreen should be used when infants are exposed to the sun.
Electrical outlets should be covered.

Question 24

drowning

Answer 24

• Infants should not be left unattended in bathtubs or around water sources such as toilets, cleaning buckets, or drainage areas.
• Secure fencing around swimming pools.
• Close bathroom doors.

Question 25

avoiding falls

Answer 25

• Crib mattresses should be kept in the lowest position possible with the rails all the way up.
• Restraints should be used in infant seats.
• Place safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs.

Question 26

avoiding posoning

Answer 26

• Exposure to lead paint should be avoided.
• Toxins and plants should be kept out of reach.
• Safety locks should be kept on cabinets that contain cleaners and other household chemicals.
• Medications should be kept in childproof containers, away from the reach of infants.
• A working carbon monoxide detector should be kept in the home.

Question 27

motor vehicle injuries

Answer 27

Infant-only and convertible infant-toddler car seats are available.
Infants and toddlers remain in a rear-facing car seat until the age of 2 years or the height recommended by the manufacturer.
The safest area for infants and children is the backseat of the car.
Do not place rear-facing car seats in the front seat of vehicles with passenger airbags.
Infants should not be left in parked cars.

Question 28

suffocation

Answer 28

Plastic bags should be avoided.
Balloons should be kept away from infants.
Crib mattresses should fit snugly.
Pillows should be kept out of the crib.
Infants should be placed on their backs for sleep.Toys with small parts should be kept out of reach.
should be removed from jackets and other clothing.