health promotion of preschoolers (3-6)

Question 1

expected growth

Answer 1

• Should gain about 2 to 3 kg (4.5 to 6.5 lb) per year.
• Should grow about 6.5 to 9 cm (2.5 to 3.5 in) per year.
• Preschoolers’ bodies evolve away from the characteristically unsteady wide stances and protruding abdomens of toddlers, into a more graceful, posturally erect, and sturdy physicality.

Question 2

cognitive development

Answer 2

• Piaget: preoperational phase
• Transitions to the phase of intuitive thought around the age of 4 years.
• The phase of intuitive thought lasts until the age of 7 years.
• The preschooler moves from totally egocentric thoughts to social awareness and the ability to consider the viewpoints of others.

Question 3

cognitive development

Answer 3

• Piaget: preoperational phase
• Make judgments based on visual appearances.
• Magical thinking: Thoughts are all powerful and can cause events to occur.
• Animism: Ascribing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects.
• Centration: Focus on one aspect instead of considering all possible alternatives.
• Time: begin to understand the sequence of daily events.

Question 4

pyschosocial devlopment

Answer 4

• Erikson: initiative vs. guilt
• Preschoolers become energetic learners, despite not having all of the physical abilities necessary to be successful at everything.
• Guilt can occur when preschoolers believe they have misbehaved or when they are unable to accomplish a task.
• Guiding preschoolers to attempt activities within their capabilities while setting limits is appropriate.

Question 5

moral devlopment

early preschoolers
older preschoolers
how do they feel go about themselves?
stress?

Answer 5

• Kohlberg: moral development
• Early preschoolers continue in the good-bad orientation of the toddler years, and actions are taken based on whether or not it will result in a reward or punishment.
• Older preschoolers primarily take actions based on satisfying personal needs, yet are beginning to understand the concepts of justice and fairness.
• Preschoolers feel good about themselves with regard to mastering skills that allow independence (dressing, feeding).
• During stress, insecurity, or illness, preschoolers can regress to previous immature behaviors or develop habits (nose picking, bed-wetting, thumb sucking).

Question 6

body image chnages

Answer 6

• Preschoolers begin to recognize differences in appearances, and identify what is considered acceptable and unacceptable.
• By the age of 5 years, preschoolers begin comparing themselves with peers.
• Poor understanding of anatomy makes intrusive experiences, such as injections or cuts, frightening to preschoolers.
• Preschoolers believe it is important to use bandages after an injury.

Question 7

age appropriate activities

Answer 7

Parallel play shifts to associative play during the preschool years.

• Playing ball, Putting puzzles together
• Riding tricycles
• Playing pretend and dress-up activities, role playing
• Hand puppets
• Painting, simple sewing
• Reading books, wading pools, sand boxes
• Computer programs, electronic games
• Musical toys

Question 8

nutrition

Answer 8

• Preschoolers consume approximately half the amount of energy that adults do (1,800 kcal).
• By 5 years of age they become more willing to sample different foods.
• Saturated fats should be less than 10% of preschoolers’ total caloric intake
• With obesity rates in young children increasing, it is recommended that preschoolers have 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, 2 hr or less of screen time, 0 servings of sugar-sweetened beverages, and 1 hr of physical activity per day.

Question 9

sleep

Answer 9

On average, preschoolers need about 12 hr of sleep per day, and infrequently take daytime naps.

Sleep disturbances frequently occur, and problems range from difficulty going to bed to night terrors.

• Keep a consistent bedtime routine.
• Use a night-light in the room.
• Provide the child with a favorite toy.
• Leave a drink of water by the bed.
• Reassure preschoolers who are frightened, but avoid allowing preschoolers to sleep with their parents.

Question 10

bodily harm

Answer 10

• Firearms should be kept in locked cabinets or containers.
• Preschoolers should be taught stranger safety.
• Preschoolers should be taught to wear protective equipment (helmet, pads).

Question 11

proper car seat ntill what heigh or age

Answer 11

• 145 cm (4 feet 9 inches)

- 8-12 years old