H.D. - Chapter 6 Flashcards
Menarche
● 1st period
● Triggered by nutrition, changes in hormones
● Heritability
Testosterone and Estrogen
- Responsible for sexuality and fertility
● Responsible for sex drive, puberty, sperm production, menstruation, pregnancy and menopause.
What body types increase puberty
Genetics
Girls with obesity
Girls with more stress
Primary Sexual Characteristics
Men
Changes in the reproductive organs
Men:
Growth of penis, scrotum, testes, spermarche (first ejaculation)
Primary Sexual Characteristics
Females
Growth in uterus, menarche
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Men
Physical changes - not directly related to reproduction
lower voice, hair growth, broad shoulders
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Females
Breast development
Environmental Factors and Timing of Puberty
Cultural differences
African american girls tend to hit puberty before
Effects on nutrition and healthcare
Consequences of Early and Late Puberty
Girls
Early:
Early sexual behavior, less confidence w relationships w family and friends, negative body image, less popular, low confidence, long-term problems, more likely to deviant behavior
Interact w older people
More attention, more freedom from parents
Late:
More popular, more sociable,positive body image
Consequences of Early and Late Puberty
Boys
Early
More popular, confident, independent, positive body image
Late
Less popular, more anxious, talkative, attention seekers, negative body image
Anorexia
Treatment
Adequate nutrition and stop inappropriate behaviors
Maudsley Approach:
Parents of adolescents with anorexia become involved in child’s treatment
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:
Assists sufferers by identifying distorted thinking patterns and changing inaccurate beliefs
Historical Changes in Sexual Norms
Big jumps of sexual activity in 70s and 90s
Might be due to self report
Now offered sex education
Greater tolerance for sex rates have not increased in past 20 yrs
Formal Operational Stage
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning
Developing hypotheses based on what might logically occur
All possibilities / scientific thinking
Ex: Sarah and emily making cookies
Formal Operational Stage
Propositional Thought
The logic of verbal propositions
Mathematical problems
Based solely on wording of statement
Kohlber’s Stages of Morality
Preconventional Level
Reasoning is based on external forces
Punishment or reward
EX: if he steals he’ll go to jail
Kohlber’s Stages of Morality
Conventional Level
Morality determined by social conventions and laws
EX: if he steals people will think he’s a criminal
Kohlber’s Stages of Morality
Postconventional Level
Reasoning based on a person’s moral code: morality determined by broader principles
Imaginary Audience
Adolescents belief that those around them are as concerned and focused on their appearances as they are themselves
Personal Fable
Belief that one is unique,special, and invulnerable to harm
Especially death
Experiences and emotions are unique, no one can understand them
Increase belief of invulnerability, increase risky behaviors
Adolescence-Limited Turmoil
Antisocial behavior that is specific to adolescence and does not persist into adult life
Brain Development in Adolescents
Myelination
Improvements in thinking and neuron connection
Myelin decreases plasticity
Brain Development in Adolescents
Corpus Callosum
Hippocampus - greater memory and experiences into decision making
Brain Development in Adolescents
Limbic System
Regulates emotion and reward
Hormonal changes
Interaction w peers
Brain Development in Adolescents
Prefrontal Cortex
Control of impulses, organization, planning, and good decision making
Not fully developed
Brain Development in Adolescents
Issues
Mismatch between late prefrontal cortex and early limbic system development
Risky behavior, poor decision, weak emotional control
Earlier puberty → greater difference
Brians sensitive to dopamine
Reward outweigh the risks
Conflicts between Adolescents and Parents
Most teens get along bit spend les time
Autonomy → teens greater desire for independence
Cliques
Groups of individuals who interact frequently
Crowds
Characterized more by shared reputations or images than actual interactions
linked w social status
Driving Simulation
Teenagers not bad drivers
Made more mistake when peers
Peer pressure
Distraction
