EXAM 2 - PSYCH Flashcards
Neuron
-Cell Body (contains nucleus)
-Dendrites
-Axon
-Myelin
-Cell membrane
Synapse
Point of communication between neurons
Electrochemical Communication
-Electrical; Resting/Action potential
-Chemical; Synaptic transmission & neurotransmitters
Resting Potential
-Not sending o receiving signals
-Inside of neuron is negatively charged
-Na+ more outside
-K+ more inside
Action Potential
-Electrical signal in axons ‘firing’
-Na+ rushes in
-K+ rushes out
Synaptic Transmutation
-Action potential arrives at end of axon
-Neurotransmitters released into synaptic gap
Neurontransmitter:
Acetylcholine
-movement
-learning
-memory
EX: Alzheimers disease
Neurontransmitter:
Dopamine
-Movement
-Attention
-Learning
EX: Parkinson’s Disease
EX: Schizophrenia (too much dopamine)
Neurontransmitter:
Serotonin
-Mood regulation
-Control of eating and sleeping
EX: Depression
EX: Anorexia Nervosa
Neurontransmitter:
Norepinephrine
-Alertness
-Wakefulness
EX: Depression
Neurontransmitter:
Endorphins
-Pain regulation
EX:Lack of pain disorder
Neurontransmitter:
Glutamate
-Excitatory (increases chances that receiving neuron will fire)
Neurontransmitter:
GABA
-Inhibitory (decreases chances that receiving neuron will fire)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Brain
-Spinal Cord
Medulla
(hindbrain)
Breathing
Heart Rate
(life sustaining function)
Cerebullum
(hindbrain)
Learning
Memory
Balance
Posture
Movement
Thalamus
(Forebrain)
“routing station” for information
(sensory info comes in)
Limbic System
(forebrain)
Memory
Emotion
Motivation
Amugdala and Hippocampus
Nucleus Accumbens
Central to reinforcing experiences
EX: Drug addictions
(increases activity)
Pons
(hindbrain)
Sleep
Level of alertness
(level of consciousness)
Midbrain
Movement readiness
vision, audition
Hypothalamus
(forebrain)
Regulation:
hunger and thirst
sleep and activity
Basal ganglia
(forebrain)
Motor function
(control movement)
EX: Parkinsons disease
Frontal lobe
(cerebral cortex)
Spoken language (Broca’s area)
Problem solving
Abstract reasoning
Impulse control
Primary motor cortex
Parietal Lobe
Batty sensations (primary somatosensory cortex)
TOUCH
Occipital Lobe
Vision
Temporal Lobe
Hearing
Language comprehension (Wernickes area)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves entering and leaving CNS
PNS:
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary
Skeletal muscles control
PNS:
Autonomic Nervous System
Mostly involuntary
other types of muscle
EX: heart, breathing
PNS:
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Stress-related activities
Activated when we face stressful situations
fight or flight response
PNS:
Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
-Returns the body to homeostasis state
Sensory Neuron
Neurons stimulated by sensory information
Sensation
Sensory neurons receive sensory stimulation
Info. is delivered to the brain
Perception
Interpretation of sensory information
Depend on experiences
Transduction
Sensory stimulation is transformed into neural signals
Vision
- Light enters through PUPIL
- Light focused by LENS into the RETINA
- RETINA lies in the back of the eye and contains sensory neurons
- RODS and CONES connect light to neural signals
Cones
3 types- one for each color
works best in bright light
Rods
work well in low light
Neural impulses to brain
- Rods and Cones (retina)
- Bipolar cells (retina) `
- Ganglion cells
- Brain (occipital lobe)
Trichromatic Theory
3 types of cone
Explains color deficiency (some aspects)
EX: those that only h
Opponent-Process Theory
Color pairs:
red-green
yellow-blue
white-black
After images
Neurons in response to one member of a pair and are inhibited by the other
Gestalt Psychology
the whole is different than the sum of its parts
Principles by which we organize sensory information
Principle of Continuity
Able to perceive something as continuous
EX: looking at a rope
Principle of Simplicity
Patterns perceived so the resulting structure is a simple as possible
Principle of Similarity
similar things appear to be grouped together
Principle of proximity
Things near each other appear to be grouped together
Principle of Closure
gaps are closed up
Monocular Cues
Linear Perspective
Distant objects closer together
Monocular Cues
Occlusion
When object blocks part of another, first object appears closer
Monocular Cues
Texture
Things far away seem to have less texture
Monocular Cues
Shading
Light object appear closer
Monocular Cues
Relative Size
Objects far away appear smaller
