HC and drawing Flashcards
Hydrocarbons
- carbon + hydrogen
- covalent bond
- non-polar + hydrophobic
carbon
tetravalent central atom - 4 bonds
shape of molecules (shape of life)
non - polarity
weak molecular interaction therefore low BP
function groups added via covalent bonds
add heteroatoms - O, N, S, P etc
differs chemical properties
drawing molecules
complete structure
skeletal
complete structure
shows which atoms are bond to which atom
skeletal - economical
- zig-zag form - shown by x-ray crystallography
- remove H atom and kink and end point represent C
- functional groups must be shown including H atoms
alkanes
- saturated
- ‘backbone’ of organic molecules
- only C and H atoms
Alkenes
- double bond - unsaturated
benzene
- not an alkene as it has different chemical properties
- aromatic
alkynes
- triple bonds
- unsaturated
example of importance of functional groups
vitamin A - cis-retinal
trans alkene - cis-alkene - has aldehyde
cis-retinal
cis complex when adding H2N–Lys216
trans complex
cis complex + hv
cause conformational change in rhodopsin trigger nerve impulse to brain = vision
alcohol
-OH group
related functional groups to alcohol
phenol = benzene + OH group
ether - derived from alcohol/ phenol or mixed - O single bonded to 2 C atoms
examples of alcohol
menthol - peppermint smell - alcohol
oestradiol - hormone - alcohol + phenol
THC - cannabis - phenol + ether
THC
tetrahydrocannabinol
carboxylic acid
-COOH group
carboxylic ester
- derived from -COOH
- hydroxyl replace with HC
lactone
cyclic ester a 5-membered lactone - y-lactone
example of carboxylic acid
fatty acid - stearic and elaidic acid
ketone
- C=O - C bonded to 2 R groups
aldehyde
- C=O - C bonded to an H atom and R group
example of ketone
2-pentanone
progesterone
example of aldehyde
butanal
Hemi-acetal
- carbon bonded to O- and an OH group
acetal
- carbon bonded to O- and O- groups
formation of hemi-acetal
reaction of alcohol + aldehyde
example of formation of hemi-acetal
open chain D glucose beta-D glucose lactose
monosaccharides
building blocks for polysaccharides
example of monosaccharides
D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-glucosamine, L-fucose
polysaccharides using the examples of monosaccharides
make starch, cellulose, chirin etc
phosphoric acid
- P=O
- phosphate bonded to 3 other hydroxyl groups
phosphoric ester
- P=O
- P bonded to 2 other hydroxyl groups
- P bonded to O that’s also bonded to an R
AMP
adenosine tmonophosphate
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
has phosphate diester
amine
based on ammonia NH3
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
primary amine
- N bonded to 2 H atom
- N bonded to an R group
secondary amine
- N bonded to an H atom
- N bonded to 2 R groups
tertiary amine
- N bonded to 3 R groups
quaternary ammonium salt
positive charge on N
- N bonded to 4 R group
imine (Schiff bass)
- N double bonded to carbon
- N single bond to another atom
nitrile
- N is triple bonded to an atom
reactive intermediate
in pyridoxal phosphate mediated amino acids transamination
amide
has primary, secondary and tertiary
primary amide
- N bonded to 2 H atoms
- N bonded to C=O
secondary amide
- N bonded to an H atom and an R group
- N bonded to C=O
tertiary amide
- N bonded to 2 R groups
- N bonded to C=O
lactam
cyclic amide
beta-lactam - 4 membered cyclic amide
urea
symmetric of N bonding towards C=O
and N bonding to R groups and H atom
carbamate
new functional group
as it has different chemical properties
thiourea
similar to urea but replaces O with S
easily replaced due to S and o being in the same group
examples for urea, carbamate and thiourea
loratadine - drugs for seasonal rhinitis
metiamide - anti-ulcer drug
biotin - urea - CO2 carrier in body
thio
sulphur containing ‘analogue’ of O functional group
thiol
SH in replace of OH
thioether
-S-
disulphide
-S-S-
unique
thioester
S bonding to C=O and R group
examples of thiols - sulphur functional group
cysteine and methionine
biotin
acetyl CoA - has thioester
aromatic heterocyclic structure
all based on benzene ring
example of aromatic heterocyclic structure
pyrimidine and purine etc
purines
- G, A
- caffeine, deoxy guanosine, deoxyadenosine, theobromine
nucleoside
building blocks of nucleic acid
Pyrimidine
C, U, T
cytidine, deoxythymidine, AZT
AZT
azidothymidine