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BIOL1026/28 Chemistry of Life > HC and drawing > Flashcards

HC and drawing Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbons

A
  • carbon + hydrogen
  • covalent bond
  • non-polar + hydrophobic
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2
Q

carbon

A

tetravalent central atom - 4 bonds

shape of molecules (shape of life)

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3
Q

non - polarity

A

weak molecular interaction therefore low BP

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4
Q

function groups added via covalent bonds

A

add heteroatoms - O, N, S, P etc

differs chemical properties

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5
Q

drawing molecules

A

complete structure

skeletal

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6
Q

complete structure

A

shows which atoms are bond to which atom

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7
Q

skeletal - economical

A
  • zig-zag form - shown by x-ray crystallography
  • remove H atom and kink and end point represent C
  • functional groups must be shown including H atoms
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8
Q

alkanes

A
  • saturated
  • ‘backbone’ of organic molecules
  • only C and H atoms
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9
Q

Alkenes

A
  • double bond - unsaturated
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10
Q

benzene

A
  • not an alkene as it has different chemical properties

- aromatic

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11
Q

alkynes

A
  • triple bonds

- unsaturated

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12
Q

example of importance of functional groups

A

vitamin A - cis-retinal

trans alkene - cis-alkene - has aldehyde

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13
Q

cis-retinal

A

cis complex when adding H2N–Lys216

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14
Q

trans complex

A

cis complex + hv

cause conformational change in rhodopsin trigger nerve impulse to brain = vision

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15
Q

alcohol

A

-OH group

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16
Q

related functional groups to alcohol

A

phenol = benzene + OH group

ether - derived from alcohol/ phenol or mixed - O single bonded to 2 C atoms

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17
Q

examples of alcohol

A

menthol - peppermint smell - alcohol
oestradiol - hormone - alcohol + phenol
THC - cannabis - phenol + ether

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18
Q

THC

A

tetrahydrocannabinol

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19
Q

carboxylic acid

A

-COOH group

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20
Q

carboxylic ester

A
  • derived from -COOH

- hydroxyl replace with HC

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21
Q

lactone

A

cyclic ester a 5-membered lactone - y-lactone

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22
Q

example of carboxylic acid

A

fatty acid - stearic and elaidic acid

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23
Q

ketone

A
  • C=O - C bonded to 2 R groups
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24
Q

aldehyde

A
  • C=O - C bonded to an H atom and R group
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25
Q

example of ketone

A

2-pentanone

progesterone

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26
Q

example of aldehyde

A

butanal

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27
Q

Hemi-acetal

A
  • carbon bonded to O- and an OH group
28
Q

acetal

A
  • carbon bonded to O- and O- groups
29
Q

formation of hemi-acetal

A

reaction of alcohol + aldehyde

30
Q

example of formation of hemi-acetal

A

open chain D glucose beta-D glucose lactose

31
Q

monosaccharides

A

building blocks for polysaccharides

32
Q

example of monosaccharides

A

D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-glucosamine, L-fucose

33
Q

polysaccharides using the examples of monosaccharides

A

make starch, cellulose, chirin etc

34
Q

phosphoric acid

A
  • P=O

- phosphate bonded to 3 other hydroxyl groups

35
Q

phosphoric ester

A
  • P=O
  • P bonded to 2 other hydroxyl groups
  • P bonded to O that’s also bonded to an R
36
Q

AMP

A

adenosine tmonophosphate

37
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

has phosphate diester

38
Q

amine

A

based on ammonia NH3

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

39
Q

primary amine

A
  • N bonded to 2 H atom

- N bonded to an R group

40
Q

secondary amine

A
  • N bonded to an H atom

- N bonded to 2 R groups

41
Q

tertiary amine

A
  • N bonded to 3 R groups
42
Q

quaternary ammonium salt

A

positive charge on N

- N bonded to 4 R group

43
Q

imine (Schiff bass)

A
  • N double bonded to carbon

- N single bond to another atom

44
Q

nitrile

A
  • N is triple bonded to an atom
45
Q

reactive intermediate

A

in pyridoxal phosphate mediated amino acids transamination

46
Q

amide

A

has primary, secondary and tertiary

47
Q

primary amide

A
  • N bonded to 2 H atoms

- N bonded to C=O

48
Q

secondary amide

A
  • N bonded to an H atom and an R group

- N bonded to C=O

49
Q

tertiary amide

A
  • N bonded to 2 R groups

- N bonded to C=O

50
Q

lactam

A

cyclic amide

beta-lactam - 4 membered cyclic amide

51
Q

urea

A

symmetric of N bonding towards C=O

and N bonding to R groups and H atom

52
Q

carbamate

A

new functional group

as it has different chemical properties

53
Q

thiourea

A

similar to urea but replaces O with S

easily replaced due to S and o being in the same group

54
Q

examples for urea, carbamate and thiourea

A

loratadine - drugs for seasonal rhinitis
metiamide - anti-ulcer drug
biotin - urea - CO2 carrier in body

55
Q

thio

A

sulphur containing ‘analogue’ of O functional group

56
Q

thiol

A

SH in replace of OH

57
Q

thioether

A

-S-

58
Q

disulphide

A

-S-S-

unique

59
Q

thioester

A

S bonding to C=O and R group

60
Q

examples of thiols - sulphur functional group

A

cysteine and methionine
biotin
acetyl CoA - has thioester

61
Q

aromatic heterocyclic structure

A

all based on benzene ring

62
Q

example of aromatic heterocyclic structure

A

pyrimidine and purine etc

63
Q

purines

A
  • G, A

- caffeine, deoxy guanosine, deoxyadenosine, theobromine

64
Q

nucleoside

A

building blocks of nucleic acid

65
Q

Pyrimidine

A

C, U, T

cytidine, deoxythymidine, AZT

66
Q

AZT

A

azidothymidine

BIOL1026/28 Chemistry of Life (20 decks)

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