chemical potential Flashcards
size of system doubles
energy of each molecule remains the same
chemical potential
how G will change as composition of mixture changes - deals with open system
chemical potential unit
μ - free energy per mole of that compound under given set of conditions
chemical potential also known as
partial molar Gibbs free energy
intensive state function
independent of system size
chemical potential stays the same no matter the no. molecules
as chemical potential never changes
useful to measure average energy of molecule depending on environment only and not system size
one component system equation
μ = G/n or G - μn
one component meaning
one type of molecule
unit G
sum of chemical potential of all species(types) present
multiple component system (G)
G = sum of (μ{x}n{x})
unit n
no. moles
if x is composed of molecules of p and q
G = μ{q}n{q} + μ{p}n{p}
biochemical process
removal of R from system x and addition of P
DG = sum of (μ{R}Dn{R})
negative as they are using up R
DG = sum of (μ{P}Dn{P})
positive as they are adding P
equilibrium
DG = 0
if A to B equation for a spontaneous reaction
DG = μ{B}n - μ{A}n
if μ{B} < μ{A}
DG is negative
therefore spontaneous reaction
in complex reaction spontaneous equation
DG = cμ{C} +dμ{D} - aμ{A} - bμ{B}
cμ{C} +dμ{D} < aμ{A} + bμ{B}
spontaneous reaction
spontaneous change
weight sum of chemical potential can be lowered
equilibrium in complex spontaneous changes
weighted sum of chemical potentials for R and P are equal
open system
DG = 0
closed system
sum of (R)μn = sum of (P)μn
chemical potential with concentration
chemical potential varies with concentration
for solvent/ liquid for chemical potential with conc
μ{x} = μ{x}* + RTln([x]/[x]*)
[x]* in solvent / liquid
concentration in standard state
concentration of pure liquid
for solute for chemical potential with conc
μ{x} = μ{x}* + RTln([x]/[x]*)
[x]* in solute
concentration of standard state
[x]* = 1M
μ dependent on concentration
μ can be < or > than μ*
if concentration increases
μ increases
lowering concentration allows
more thermodynamically stable
entropy f component is large at lower concentration that at higher concentration
