hazards Flashcards
what is a hazard?
an event which causes loss of life or damage to property
what is an event?
an event which doesn’t afect people/property
what are the hazards of earthquakes?
- earthquake
-tsunami
-landslide
-dam crumbles = flooding
what are impacts of earthquakes?
-buiding colapses
-gas and water pipes burst
transport desctruction
what are the impacts of draught?
- crops struggle to grow in harsh climate
-loss of animal life
what are the impacts of tsunamis?
- transport destroyed
-water pollution
-electricty issues
-loss of life
what are the impacts of volcanos eruptions?
- loss of life
-introduces tourism
-ash scattered everywhere
-air travel shut down
-fertilses soil
-short term climate change(temp drops)
impact of a tropical storm?
-winds/dust
-flying objects
-florida = bring alligators
-intemse rainfall
give 4 examples of primary effects of earthquake:
-buildings and road destroyed
-people KILLED/INJURED
-crops & water supplies damaged
-electricity damaged
give 4 examples of secondary effects of an earthquake:
-initial hazards can trigger secondary hazards e.g earthquake trigger tsunamis
-food shortage
-shortage of clean water
-countrys econmy weakened
why do people live in hazardous areas?
- fertile land for crops
- good climate
- don’t acc know they are in hazardous areas
- geo - thermal energy
what is a primary affect?
impact of a hazard that occurs as adirect consequence of the hazard
what is a secondary affect?
hazards that reult from the intial event but occur later on
give 5 things which would increase hazards risk:
- densly populated
- building on land exposed to hazards
- poor infastructure
- climate change
- urbanization
what are the 2 types of the earths crusts?
oceanic & continental
give characterstics for the oceanic crust:
- younger
- denser
- 5-10km thick
- constantly being destroyed and rebuilt
- usualy under water
give characteristics for the continental crust:
- lighter
- older
- permenant
- mostly on land
- 35-75 km thick
what are the 4 layers of the earth?
- inner core
- outer core
- mantel
- crust
give characteristics of the innner core:
- solid
- iron
- 5500 degrees
give characteristics of the outer core:
- liquid
- iron & nickle
- 5000 degrees
- magnetic field
give characteristics of the mantle:
- wide
- goes from cold and thick to hot and runny
- 1300-5000 degrees
give characteristics of the crust?
- thin
- 6-70 km thick
- forms 7 continental plates
what is plate movement caused by?
convection current
how does convection current cause plates to move?
- magma near the core gets heated & rises
- magma reaches the crust , spreads sideways and cools
= the force from the magma spreading cuases the crust to move - magma sinks and process repeats
what 3 bits evidence prove WEGENER’S theory of continental drifts?
- FOSSILS
tysrosaurus found in antartica (impossible=land mammal that cant swim) - PATTERN OF ROCKS
( east canada and west scotland have the same type of rock) - SHAPE OF CONTINENTS ‘jigsaw like’
name the 4 type of plate boundarys:
- collision
- constructive
- conservative
- destructive
explain what happens at the conservative plate boundary?
-2 plates move sideways past each other in different directions/ different speeds
explain what happens at the collision plate boundary?
give an e.g
2 CONTINENTAL plates collide creating fold mountains
e.g HIMALAYAS/MOUNT EVERAST
explain what happens at the desrucitve plate boundary?
OCEANIC+CONTINENTAL plates move TOWARDS each other
- denser oceanic plate is subducted(goes under)
explain what happens at the constructive plate boundary?
2 OCEANIC plates moving AWAY from each other & magma then rises through the gap created(magma the cools ands forms new crust/fold montians)
explain what forms at the conservative plate boundary? E.G
EARTHQUAKES
- NOO volcanos
e.g SAN ANDREAS FAULT
explain what forms at the constructive plate boundary? give an e.g
- shield volcanos (gentle)
+ gentle earthquakes
e.g MIDATLANTIC RIDGE
explain what forms at the destructive plate boundary?
give an e.g
- tsunamis
- VIOLENT COMPOSITE VOLCANOS
- violent earthquakes
- oceanic trench
e.g JAPAN
what are the 3 plate movement methods?
- slab pull
- ridge push
- convection current
what’s the slap pull?
[destructive plate boundary]
- densists part of the plate = pulls on plate boundary + gravity = speeads up oceanic crusts SUBDUCTION
what’s the ridge push?
[constructive plate boundary]
- due to the convection current + weight of oceanic crust (it collapses) = forces cruse to move away from plate boundary
- mantle rises in gap & cools = forms new ridge/new oceanic crust
where and when was the HIC earthquake?
what maginitude & what boundary?
Chile 2010
- 8.8 maginitude
- destructive plate boundary
name the 3 facts about chile 2019 eathquake:
- epicentre was offshore & focus was quite deep
- 500 deaths
- $30 billion = EC cost
where and when was the LIC earthquake?
what magnitude & what boundary?
NEPAL 2015
- 7.9
- COLLISION plate boundary
name 3 key facts about the NEPAL earhtquake:
- focus was ONLY 8KM deep
- 9000 deaths
- $5 billion EC costs
give 3 primary affects of nepal and chile
NEPAL:
- 19,000 injured
- 3million made homeless
- 7000 schools destroyed
CHILE:
- 12,000 injured
- 220, 000 homes destryoed
- 4500 schools destroyed
give secondary affects of Nepal & Chile?
NEPAL :
- avalanche & landslides on mount everest
- 19 people died
- KALI GANDAKI RIVER blocked
- income loss
CHILE:
- tsunami detroyed coastal towns
- landslided destroyed 1500km of roads
give primary responeses for the CHILE AND NEPLA earthquakes
NEPAL:
- India & china = gave $1 billion of international aid
- temporary housing was provided ‘tent city’[500,000 tents]
- field hospitals were set up
- 3 helicopters
CHILE:
- within 24 hr route 5 was repaired allowing aid to be transported
- 30,00 emergency shelters
- within 10 days 90% of water and electricity restored
-
give secondary responeses for the CHILE AND NEPLA earthquakes
NEPAL:
- over 7000 schools rebuilt
- repairs made to everest base camp
- stricter building codes made
- UK donated £73 million in aid
CHILE:
- goverment launched a housing reconstuction plan to help 200,000 families
what are the 3 P’S and the m
- prediction
- protection
- planning
- monitoring
how can you monitor earthquakes and volcanos?
EARHTQUAKES:
seismometers monitor the earths movement
VOLCANO:
- ground deformation
- radon & sulfur dioxide gas
how can you predict earthquakes and volcanos?
EARTHQUAKES
- hard to predict
- animals behavovior chnages/migrate
- earthquake chains on fault line
- tiltmeter can check rock movement
VOLCANO
- radon gas, sulfur dioxide
-water levels rise
-
how can you plan for earthquakes and volcanos?
- plan evacuation routes
- emergency supplies
- educate people on these hazards
- identify and avoid high risk areas for building on
- infastructure of buildings
how can you protect earthquakes and volcanos?
EARTHQUAKE
- rolling roof weights, counteract motion
- reinforced concrete = absorbs shock
- LIC = lightweight thatched roof
VOLCANO
- build embankments to divert lava flow
