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hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hazard?

A

an event which causes loss of life or damage to property

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2
Q

what is an event?

A

an event which doesn’t afect people/property

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3
Q

what are the hazards of earthquakes?

A
  • earthquake
    -tsunami
    -landslide
    -dam crumbles = flooding
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4
Q

what are impacts of earthquakes?

A

-buiding colapses
-gas and water pipes burst
transport desctruction

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5
Q

what are the impacts of draught?

A
  • crops struggle to grow in harsh climate
    -loss of animal life
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6
Q

what are the impacts of tsunamis?

A
  • transport destroyed
    -water pollution
    -electricty issues
    -loss of life
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7
Q

what are the impacts of volcanos eruptions?

A
  • loss of life
    -introduces tourism
    -ash scattered everywhere
    -air travel shut down
    -fertilses soil
    -short term climate change(temp drops)
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8
Q

impact of a tropical storm?

A

-winds/dust
-flying objects
-florida = bring alligators
-intemse rainfall

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9
Q

give 4 examples of primary effects of earthquake:

A

-buildings and road destroyed
-people KILLED/INJURED
-crops & water supplies damaged
-electricity damaged

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10
Q

give 4 examples of secondary effects of an earthquake:

A

-initial hazards can trigger secondary hazards e.g earthquake trigger tsunamis
-food shortage
-shortage of clean water
-countrys econmy weakened

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11
Q

why do people live in hazardous areas?

A
  • fertile land for crops
  • good climate
  • don’t acc know they are in hazardous areas
  • geo - thermal energy
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12
Q

what is a primary affect?

A

impact of a hazard that occurs as adirect consequence of the hazard

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13
Q

what is a secondary affect?

A

hazards that reult from the intial event but occur later on

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14
Q

give 5 things which would increase hazards risk:

A
  • densly populated
  • building on land exposed to hazards
  • poor infastructure
  • climate change
  • urbanization
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15
Q

what are the 2 types of the earths crusts?

A

oceanic & continental

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16
Q

give characterstics for the oceanic crust:

A
  • younger
  • denser
  • 5-10km thick
  • constantly being destroyed and rebuilt
  • usualy under water
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17
Q

give characteristics for the continental crust:

A
  • lighter
  • older
  • permenant
  • mostly on land
  • 35-75 km thick
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18
Q

what are the 4 layers of the earth?

A
  • inner core
  • outer core
  • mantel
  • crust
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19
Q

give characteristics of the innner core:

A
  • solid
  • iron
  • 5500 degrees
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20
Q

give characteristics of the outer core:

A
  • liquid
  • iron & nickle
  • 5000 degrees
  • magnetic field
21
Q

give characteristics of the mantle:

A
  • wide
  • goes from cold and thick to hot and runny
  • 1300-5000 degrees
22
Q

give characteristics of the crust?

A
  • thin
  • 6-70 km thick
  • forms 7 continental plates
23
Q

what is plate movement caused by?

A

convection current

24
Q

how does convection current cause plates to move?

A
  1. magma near the core gets heated & rises
  2. magma reaches the crust , spreads sideways and cools
    = the force from the magma spreading cuases the crust to move
  3. magma sinks and process repeats
25
Q

what 3 bits evidence prove WEGENER’S theory of continental drifts?

A
  • FOSSILS
    tysrosaurus found in antartica (impossible=land mammal that cant swim)
  • PATTERN OF ROCKS
    ( east canada and west scotland have the same type of rock)
  • SHAPE OF CONTINENTS ‘jigsaw like’
26
Q

name the 4 type of plate boundarys:

A
  • collision
  • constructive
  • conservative
  • destructive
27
Q

explain what happens at the conservative plate boundary?

A

-2 plates move sideways past each other in different directions/ different speeds

28
Q

explain what happens at the collision plate boundary?
give an e.g

A

2 CONTINENTAL plates collide creating fold mountains
e.g HIMALAYAS/MOUNT EVERAST

29
Q

explain what happens at the desrucitve plate boundary?

A

OCEANIC+CONTINENTAL plates move TOWARDS each other
- denser oceanic plate is subducted(goes under)

30
Q

explain what happens at the constructive plate boundary?

A

2 OCEANIC plates moving AWAY from each other & magma then rises through the gap created(magma the cools ands forms new crust/fold montians)

31
Q

explain what forms at the conservative plate boundary? E.G

A

EARTHQUAKES
- NOO volcanos
e.g SAN ANDREAS FAULT

32
Q

explain what forms at the constructive plate boundary? give an e.g

A
  • shield volcanos (gentle)
    + gentle earthquakes
    e.g MIDATLANTIC RIDGE
33
Q

explain what forms at the destructive plate boundary?
give an e.g

A
  • tsunamis
  • VIOLENT COMPOSITE VOLCANOS
  • oceanic trench
    e.g JAPAN
34
Q

what are the 3 plate movement methods?

A
  • slab pull
  • ridge push
  • convection current
35
Q

what’s the slap pull?

A
36
Q

what’s the ridge push?
[constructive plate boundary]

A

-

37
Q

where and when was the HIC earthquake?
what maginitude & what boundary?

A

Chile 2010
- 8.8 maginitude
- destructive plate boundary

38
Q

name the 3 facts about chile 2019 eathquake:

A
  • epicentre was offshore & focus was quite deep
  • 500 deaths
  • $30 billion = EC cost
39
Q

where and when was the LIC earthquake?
what magnitude & what boundary?

A

NEPAL 2015
- 7.9
- COLLISION plate boundary

40
Q

name 3 key facts about the NEPAL earhtquake:

A
  • focus was ONLY 8KM deep
  • 9000 deaths
  • $5 billion EC costs
41
Q

give 3 primary affects of nepal and chile

A

NEPAL:
- 19,000 injured
- 3million made homeless
- 7000 schools destroyed

CHILE:
- 12,000 injured
- 220, 000 homes destryoed
- 4500 schools destroyed

42
Q

give secondary affects of Nepal & Chile?

A

NEPAL :
- avalanche & landslides on mount everest
- 19 people died
- KALI GANDAKI RIVER blocked
- income loss

CHILE:
- tsunami detroyed coastal towns
- landslided destroyed 1500km of roads

43
Q

give primary responeses for the CHILE AND NEPLA earthquakes

A

NEPAL:
- India & china = gave $1 billion of international aid
- temporary housing was provided ‘tent city’[500,000 tents]
- field hospitals were set up
- 3 helicopters

CHILE:
- within 24 hr route 5 was repaired allowing aid to be transported
- 30,00 emergency shelters
- within 10 days 90% of water and electricity restored
-

44
Q

give secondary responeses for the CHILE AND NEPLA earthquakes

A

NEPAL:
- over 7000 schools rebuilt
- repairs made to everest base camp
- stricter building codes made
- UK donated £73 million in aid

CHILE:
- goverment launched a housing reconstuction plan to help 200,000 families

45
Q

what are the 3 P’S and the m

A
  • prediction
  • protection
  • planning
  • monitoring
46
Q

how can you monitor earthquakes and volcanos?

A

EARHTQUAKES:
seismometers monitor the earths movement
VOLCANO:
- ground deformation
- radon & sulfur dioxide gas

47
Q

how can you predict earthquakes and volcanos?

A

EARTHQUAKES
- hard to predict
- animals behavovior chnages/migrate
- earthquake chains on fault line
- tiltmeter can check rock movement
VOLCANO
- radon gas, sulfur dioxide
-water levels rise
-

48
Q

how can you plan for earthquakes and volcanos?

A
  • plan evacuation routes
  • emergency supplies
  • educate people on these hazards
  • identify and avoid high risk areas for building on
  • infastructure of buildings
49
Q

how can you protect earthquakes and volcanos?

A

EARTHQUAKE
- rolling roof weights, counteract motion
- reinforced concrete = absorbs shock
- LIC = lightweight thatched roof

VOLCANO
- build embankments to divert lava flow

geography (5 decks)

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