Halitoses Flashcards
What are the two subcategories of extra oral halitosis?
- Blood born halitosis 2. Non-blood born halitosis
What causes blood born halitosis?
Bad smelling metabolites formed or absorbed in the body and transported by blood to lungs
Which diseases are associated with specific odors in blood born halitosis?
- Diabetes - sweet odor of ketones
- Liver disease - sulphur odor
- Kidney failure - fishy odor
What percentage of halitosis originates from the oral cavity?
90%
What is the primary source of halitosis from the oral cavity?
51% from tongue coating
What are volatile sulphur compounds responsible for halitosis?
- Hydrogen sulphides
- Methyl mercaptan
Define malodor.
Subjective perception after smelling someone’s breath, whether pleasant, unpleasant, or disturbing
What are the classifications of halitosis?
- Genuine halitosis (physiological and pathological)
- Pseudo-halitosis
- Halitophobia
What is physiological halitosis?
Transient malodor caused by food intake, smoking, or medications
What causes pathological halitosis?
Systemic diseases like liver, GIT, ENT, diabetes, renal failure
What is pseudo-halitosis?
Condition where no obvious malodor is present, but the patient believes it exists
What are the main intramural causes of malodor?
- Tongue coating
- Periodontal disease
- Pericoronitis
- Recurrent ulcerations
- NUG
- Herpetic gingivostomatitis
- Dental caries with food impaction
- Dry socket
- Crowding of teeth
- Dentures
- Dry mouth
What are some treatments for halitosis?
- Mechanical reduction of oral nutrients and microbes
- Chemical reduction using:
- Chlorohexidine
- Essential oils
- Chloride dioxide
- Two-phase oil water rinse
- Triclosan
- Amine fluoride or stannous fluoride
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Oxidizing lozenges
- Baking soda
What is involved in the diagnosis of halitosis?
- Pre-consultation
- Anamnesis
- Examination methods:
- Organoleptic rating
- Gas chromatography
- Portable volatile sulphur monitor
- Oropharyngeal examination
- Self-examination
What are some extra oral causes of halitosis?
- ENT disease
- Systemic disease like diabetes
- Renal failure
- Hepatic disease
- Bronchial and pulmonary disease
- GIT disease
