Dental Indices Flashcards
Define Dental Indices
“A Numerical Value describing the relative status of a population on a graduated scale with definite upper and lower limits, which is designed to permit and facilitate comparison with other populations classified by same criteria and methods.”
What are ideal requisites of an INDEX?
Clarity,
Simplicity
Objectivity
Validity
Reliability
Quantifiability
Standardization
Sensitivity
Acceptability
Uses of dental index
Individual assessment
Clinical trials
Community health / Epidemiologic surveys
Whats classification of indices?
Irreversible index
Reversible index
Full mouth index
Simplified index
Simple index
Cumulative index
Indices are commonly used to measure these 4 :
- PLaque and Oral Hygiene
(OHI,OHIS,PHP)
2: Gingival and periodontal diseases
3: Caries
4: Other Dental conditions
Indices Used TO measure Oral hygiene are classified as? 3
1: Oral Hygiene Index OHI (Debris index and calculus index)
2:Simplified Oral Hygiene Index OHI-S
3:Patient Personal Hygiene Index PHP
OHI is furthur divided into 2:
1: Debris Index
2: Calculus Index
What does a score of 0 indicate in this debris index?
A: No debris or stain present
Q: What does a score of 1 indicate in this debris index?
A: Soft debris covering not more than one-third of the tooth surface, or presence of extrinsic stains without other debris regardless of surface area covered.
Q: What does a score of 2 indicate in this debris index?
A: Soft debris covering more than one-third but not more than two-thirds of the exposed tooth surface
Q: What does a score of 3 indicate in this debris index?
A: Soft debris covering more than two-thirds of the exposed tooth surface
Q: What does a score of 1 indicate in this calculus index?
A: Supragingival calculus covering not more than one-third of the exposed tooth surface
Q: What does a score of 2 indicate in this calculus index?
A: Supragingival calculus covering more than one-third but not more than two-thirds of the exposed tooth surface and/or presence of individual flecks of subgingival calculus around the cervical portion of the tooth
This Index Offers a more rapid method of evaluation of oral cleanliness. BUT
Lacks in degree of sensitivity.
OHI-S
by John C Greene & Jack R Vermillion developed ——– indices
OHI
OHI-S
PHPI
To assess the extent of plaque & debris over a tooth surface.
Most useful for patients who have significant plaque accumulations.
Name indices used in assessing PHPI (Plaque And Debris) 4
1.Plaque index
2.Navy plaque index
3.Plaque control record
4.Turesky- Gilmore – Glickman Modification of the Quigley – Hein plaque index
PLaque index PI
PI was developed by Sillness & Loe (1964).
To assess the thickness of plaque at the cervical margin of the tooth
Score 1 PI
Back: Separate flecks of plaque at the cervical margin of the tooth
Score 2 PI
A thin continuous band of plaque (≤1 mm) at the cervical margin of the tooth
Score 3 pi
Back: A band of plaque wider than 1 mm but covering less than one-third of the crown of the tooth
Score 4
pi
: Plaque covering at least one-third but less than two-thirds of the crown of the tooth
Score 5
pi
Plaque covering two-thirds or more of the crown of the tooth
What is the plaque status when it is in contact with gingival tissue on the mesial proximal surface?
Back: Designated as M, worth 3 points
What is the plaque status when it is in contact with gingival tissue on the facial or lingual surface?
Back: Designated as G, worth 2 points
What is the plaque status when it is in contact with gingival tissue on the distal proximal surface?
Back: Designated as D, worth 3 points
What is the plaque status when it is on the facial or lingual surface but not in contact with gingival tissue?
Designated as R, worth 1 point
Plaque control record measures——— present
Plaque
How to measure plaque control record index?
Percentageofplaque=no of teeth with plaque multiply 100/no of teeth present multiply 4
PHPI plaque index Focuses only on facial surfaces of anterior teeth
Using basic fuchsin as a plaque disclosing agent. is called
TURESKY-GILLMORE-GLICKMAN index
Who developed the Calculus Surface Index?
Ennever J, Sturzenberger CP & Radike AW (1961)
What does the Calculus Surface Index measure?
Dental calculus formation
Which teeth are examined in the Calculus Surface Index?
Four mandibular teeth using visual and tactile methods
What is the minimum score for the Calculus Surface Index?
0
What is the maximum score for the Calculus Surface Index?
16
Indices used in assessing gingival inflammation are classified as?
1.Papillary marginal attatchment index PMA
2. Gingival Index`
PMA
Oldest reversible index
Used to assess gingival changes.
Three areas of gingiva are recorded
0 pma P
Normal, no inflammation.
1+ pma P
Mild papillary engorgement, slight increase in size.
2+ pma P
Obvious increase in size of gingival papilla, bleeding on pressure.
3+ pma P
Excessive increase in size with spontaneous bleeding.
4+ pma P
Necrotic papilla.
5+ pma P
Atrophy and loss of papilla.
Recession of the free marginal gingiva below the
cementoenamel junction as a result of inflammatory changes
PMA
5+
M
PMA
4+
M
Necrotic gingiva
PMA INDEX A
0 = Normal; pale rose, stippled.
I+ = Slight engorgement with loss of stippling, change in color
may or may not be present.
2+ = Obvious engorgement of attached gingiva with marked
increase in redness, pocket formation present.
3+ = Advanced periodontitis, deep pockets evident.
2 indices for gingival diseases
PMA (P,M,A)
GBI
Indices used in assessing periodontal diseases ARE 6:
Periodontal index (PI)
Periodontal disease index (PDI)
Gingival bone count index (GBCI)
The navy periodontal index (NPI)
Community periodontal index and treatment needs (CPITN)
Community periodontal index (CPI)
Periodontal Index
Based on clinical examination , also can make use of X-rays.
Periodontal Index
What does Score 0 (Negative) indicate in gingival assessment?
A: No overt inflammation in the investing tissues and no loss of function due to supporting tissue destruction.
Periodontal Index
Q: What does Score 1 (Mild Gingivitis) indicate?
A: An overt area of inflammation in the free gingiva, which does not circumscribe the tooth.
Q: What does Score 2 (Gingivitis) indicate?
periodontal index
A: Inflammation completely circumscribes the tooth but there is no apparent break in the epithelial attachment
Q: What are the radiographic features of Score 4?
periodontal index
A: Early notch-like resorption of the alveolar crest
Q: What does Score 6 (Gingivitis with Pocket Formation) indicate?
periodontal index
A: The epithelial attachment is broken and a pocket is present, but there is no interference with normal masticatory function. The tooth remains firm in its socket without drifting.
Q: What are the radiographic features of Score 6?
periodontal index
A: Horizontal bone loss involving the entire alveolar crest up to half of the root length.
Q: What does Score 8 (Advanced Destruction with Loss of Masticatory Function) indicate?
periodontal index
A: The tooth may be loose, drifted, sound dull on percussion with a metallic instrument, or be depressible in its socket
Q: What are the radiographic features of Score 8?
periodontal index
A: Advanced bone loss involving more than half of the tooth root or an infrabony pocket with widening of the periodontal ligament. Root resorption or rarefaction at the apex may also be present.
Designed for assessing the extent of pocket deepening below the cement-o-enamel junction.
in ——- index
Periodontal disease index
Explain Periodontal Disease Index
Gingivitis - No signs of inflammation → Score 0
Mild to moderate inflammatory gingival changes, not extending around the tooth → Score 1
Mild to moderately severe gingivitis extending all around the tooth → Score 2
Severe gingivitis characterized by marked redness, swelling, tendency to bleed, and ulceration → Score 3
Gingival crevice in any of the two measured areas (mesial, buccal), extend apically to the cementoenamel junction but not more than 3 mm → Score 4
Gingival crevice in any of the two measured areas extending apically to the cementoenamel junction from 3 to 6 mm inclusive → Score 5
Gingival crevice in any of the two measured areas extending more than 6 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction → Score 6
Navy periodontal disease index determines the level of treatment as follows:
Gingival Condition and Treatment Needs
Score 0:
- Description: Healthy gums, no signs of inflammation, bleeding, or redness.
- Treatment Needs: No treatment required. Regular oral hygiene is advised.
Score 1:
- Description: Mild inflammation: slight redness, slight edema, no bleeding.
- Treatment Needs: Regular oral hygiene instructions.
Score 2:
- Description: Moderate inflammation: redness, slight edema, slight bleeding on probing.
- Treatment Needs: Oral hygiene education, scaling, and professional cleaning may be needed.
Explain CPITN index
CPITN Code and Treatment Needs
Code 0:
- Condition: Healthy, no bleeding or calculus, no periodontal pockets.
- Treatment Needs: No treatment required.
Code 1:
- Condition: Gingival bleeding when probing, no calculus or periodontal pockets.
- Treatment Needs: Oral hygiene instructions, professional cleaning (scaling).
Code 2:
- Condition: Presence of calculus and/or defective fillings, no periodontal pockets deeper than 3mm.
- Treatment Needs: Oral hygiene instructions, scaling, and/or restoration of defective fillings.
Code 3:
- Condition: Periodontal pockets 4-5 mm deep.
- Treatment Needs: Scaling and root planing, oral hygiene instructions.
Code 4:
- Condition: Periodontal pockets 6 mm or deeper.
- Treatment Needs: Scaling and root planing, possibly surgical intervention depending on severity.
Explain Gingival Bone Count Index GBCI
Gingivitis Scoring Criteria
Score 0:
- Finding: Negative
Score 1:
- Finding: Mild gingivitis involving the free gingiva (margin, papilla, or both).
Score 2:
- Finding: Moderate gingivitis involving both free and attached gingiva.
Score 3:
- Finding: Severe gingivitis with hypertrophy and easy hemorrhage.
BONE LOSS COUNT
criteria and score for bone loss
score 0:
- no bone loss 😊
score 1:
- incipient bone loss or notching of alveolar crest. 🦷
score 2:
- bone loss about one fourth of root length, or pocket formation on one side, not over one half of root length. ⚠️
score 3:
- bone loss about one half of root length, or pocket formation on one side, not over three-fourth root length, mobility slight. 🏗️
score 4:
- bone loss about three quarters of root length, or pocket formation on one side to apex, mobility moderate. 🚨
score 5:
- bone loss complete, mobility marked. ❌
