Haematuria, Proteinuria

Question 1

Proteinuria

Answer 1

Mainly albumin

Measurements: 24 hour urine; albumin:creatinine; protein:creatinine

Question 2

Microalbuminuria

Answer 2

main cause is diabetes

Also fever, exercise, HF

Question 3

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 3

> 3.5g/day protein in urine,low serum albumin and oedema!
frothy urine, hypercholesterolaemia (increased production in liver to compensate), blood cloots and risk of infection

may have impaired or normal GFR

Reduced capillary oncotic pressure, so more fluid pushed out into the interstitium, raised hydrostatic pressure

Question 4

Progression of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 4

Glomerular injury, proteinuria
decrease in plasma volume, decrease in CO
RAAS stimulated, sodium and water are retained and thus oedema

Question 5

CKD

Answer 5

due to glomerular injury, often caused by diabetes

Question 6

Nephritic syndrome

Answer 6

Due to acute glomerulonephritis, with leaky glomeruli (blood and protein).
May seem unwell, hypertensive, volume overloaded (not passing urine)

may have haemoptysis, rash, arthritis,fever

diagnosing- blood cells in urine, red cell casts

Question 7

Proteinuria treatment

Answer 7

BP management

Question 8

Haematuria

Answer 8

Microscopic vs macroscopic

bleeding anywhere in urinary tract
often associated with proteinuria (if both can assume glomerular damage)

stones or tumours often

Question 9

Haematuria from collecting system

Answer 9

usually macroscopic and little proteinuria

eg kidney stone

Question 10

Renal cell carcinoma

Answer 10

Typically from smoking or some genetic diseases, more common in men