H9 Memory, attention and consciousness Flashcards
Definition consciousness/self-consciousness/awareness.
Experiencing one’s own mental events in such a manner that one can report on them to others.
What are the main 3 components of the information-processing model of the mind?
- Sensory Memory
- Short-term (working) memory
- Long-term memory
What is the function of sensory memory?
Is there a separate sensory memory store for each sensory system?
What happens to most of the information?
- Function: brief prolongation of sensory experience so that it can be analyzed to see whether to move it to short-term memory or not.
- Separate sensory-memory store for each sensory system (vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste)
- Most information does not enter consciousness; only info that is transformed by attention into short-term memory
- What are the basic functions of the short-term memory store and how is this memory store equated with consciousness?
- How long does it hold information
- What is its momentary capacity/how many items can it hold?
- How does working memory resemble the central processing unity of a computer?
- Major workplace for the mind: storing and transforming
- Seat of conscious thought: place where all conscious perceiving, feeling, comparing, computing and reasoning takes place. - Information is lost within seconds if it is not attended to.
- 7 +/- 1/2 items at once
- Info can enter from keyboard (sensory memory, the present environment) or harddrive (long-term memory: knowledge gained from previous experience)
What is the function of long-term memory? When do we become conscious of the info in long-term memory?
The mind’s library of info.
When it is activated and moved into short-term memory
In the information-processing model, what are the functions of attention, encoding and retrieval?
They are control processes that move info through the system and enhance performance
Attention: control flow of info from sensory memory to short-term memory
Encoding: from short-term to long-term memory
Retrieval=remembering: from long-term to short-term, deliberate or automatic
Describe the extremes of the continuum of cognitive processes.
Effortful: require mental resources for their succesful completion
Automatic: require little mental effort/short-term store’s capacity. Some require practice to develop (driving car), others not (acquiring mother tongue)
What are major features of fast and slow thinking?
What is the name of the type of theories for problem solving that this falls under?
Fast: unconscious and intuitive
SLow: conscious and deliberate
Dual-processing theories
What two competing needs are met by our attentional system? How do the concepts of preattentive processing and top-down control of attentive gate pertain to these two needs?
- Focus mental resources on the task at hand and not be distracted by irrelevant stimuli
- Monitor stimuli that are irrelevant to the task at hand and to shift attention immediately to anything that signals some danger or benefit that outweighs that task.
Preattentive processing: gate between sensory memory and short-term memory: what info is relevant for task at hand or to survival/wellbeing?
Top-down: comparison of sensory input to info in short-term or long-term memory
What is inattentional blindness?
Selective viewing, e.g. gorilla passing ball video
What is echoic memory?
What is an echo? What is its duration?
Auditory sensory memory.
Memory trace for a specific sound.
Vanishes within max 10 sec
What is iconic memory?
Wat is an icon? What is its duration?
Visual sensory memory
Memory trance for a specific visual stimulus. 1/3 of a second
What is a deficiency of the information-processing model?
It does not account for priming
What is priming?
Does the priming stimulus need to be perceived consciously?
What is its function?
Activation, by sensory input, of information that is stored in long-term memory.
No, does not have to. It may be not experienced consciously, yet it influences consciousness.
Provides a means by which contextual info that we are not attending to can help us make sense of info that we are attending to.
What is priming?
Does the priming stimulus need to be perceived consciously?
What is its function?
Activation, by sensory input, of information that is stored in long-term memory.
No, does not have to. It may be not experienced consciously, yet it influences consciousness.
Provides a means by which contextual info that we are not attending to can help us make sense of info that we are attending to.
How is the concept of automatic unconscious processing of stimuli used to help explain (a) people’s ability to do more than one task at once and (b) the Stroop interference effect?
a. Routine tasks can be peformed automatically, which frees its limited, effortful, conscious working memory for more creative purposes or dealing with emergencies
b. Reading is automatic and impossible to surpress
What are three general conclusions that have emerged from studies of brain mechanisms of preattentive processing and attention?
- Stimuli that are not attended to nevertheless activate sensory and perceptual areas of the brain.
- Attention magnifies the activity that task-relevant stimuli produce in sensory and perceptual areas of the brain, and it diminishes the activity that task-irrelevant stimuli produce
- Neural mechanisms in anterior (forward) portions of the cortex are responsible for the control of attention
What is spatial neglect?
What dimension does it involve besides vision?
When individuals are unable to see things in the contralateral visual field.
Time
- What is phonological loop?
- What is some evidence that people keep information in the phonological loop through subvocal repetition?
- What is a synonym?
- In what way is it related to how fast someone can speak?
- And in what way to ability to articulate?
- part of working memory that rehearses verbal information.
- The shorter the words for numbers, the larger the memory span when looking at people who speak different languages.
= short-term memory span.
Number of pronounceable items that a person can keep in mind and report back accurately after a brief delay. - Phonetic loop
- Generally, people can keep as much info as they can state aloud in 2 sec. The faster someone speaks, the larger the memory span.
- Any manipulation that interfere’s with ability of articulation interferres with short-term memory.
What are the components of Baddeley’s model of working memory?
- Phonological loop: holding verbal information
- Visiospatial sketchpad: holding visual and spatial information
- Central executive: coordinating the mind’s activities and bringing new info into working memory from sensory and long-term stores
- What is memory span?
- What is working memory span?
- Why is working memory span usually two items less than memory span?
- What is an example of a working memory span?
- What are they predictive of?
- How are working memory and multitasking related?
- Short term memory span: the number of pronounceable items that a person can keep in mind and report back accurately after a brief delay
- In working memory span tasks subjects are asked to remember a set of items while doing something with those items.
- Mental resources required to process or work on information compete with mental resources needed to store information.
- Tasks such as remembering 2 simple sentences and repeat last few words of each sentence in the right order.
- They are more predictive of higher-level abilities.
- With multitasking there are competing uses of working memory.
What are 3 subcomponents of executive functions?
- Working memory, or updating: montioring and rapdily adding/deleting contents of working memory
- Switching: shifiting flexibly between different tasks or mindsets
- Inhibition: preventing a cognitive or behavioral response, or keeping unwanted information out of the mind.
What four general conclusions have been discerned for executive functions?
- Show unity and diversity
- Substantial genetic component
- Related to and predictive of important clinical and societal outcomes
- Substantial developmental stability of executive-function abilities
WHat is the neural hub for executive functions?
PFC