H11 The development of the body, thought, and language Flashcards
In which 2 stages of life is physical development the most dramatic?
- Prenatal
2. Pubescent
What are the 3 phases of the prenatal period? And what are their major milestones?
- Zygotic/germinal: 2 weeks, zygote divides many times and impants in the uterine wall.
- Embryonic: week 2-8, major organ systems develop,
- Fetal: week 8-birth, growth and refinement of organs and body structure
During which phase of prenatal period are effects of teratogens most severe?
Embryonic because major organ systems are being formed at this time
- Did the average age of menarche increase or decrease from mid-1800s to 1960?
- How about other aspects of pubertal development, such as breast growth? What is the major cause
- Decrease due to better nutrition and has remained stable since.
- Accelarated, with obesity being a major cause
What are 2 factors in the prenatal experience that prepare a fetus for postnatal life (forecast of environtmental conditions)?
- Stress
2. Nutrition
- What kind of stimuli do infants prefer?
2. This is used to study what?
- Novel stimuli
2. Infant perception and memory.
What do infants have a strong drive for?
What happens when you take it away?
Control their environment.
Upset
By which month do infants examine objects with their hands and eyes, focusing on the objects’ unique properties?
5/6
From 6-12 months infants use their observations of adults to do which 4 things?
- Mimic adults’ actions
- Look where adults are looking (gaze following)
- Social referencing: use adults’ emotional expressions to identify danger of safety
- Engage in shared attention (3-way interaction: infant, other person, object) - infants start to view other people as intentional agents
By which month do infants have knowledge of core physical principles? By what is this revealed?
Month 2.5-4
Violation of expectation; By the fact that they look longer at physically impossible events than at physically possible events
Why do tasks that involve manual reaching (such as object permanence and selective looking) appear to show later development?
It requires infant to form a plan to obtain the hidden object
What does experience with self-produced locomotion promote? What is the evidence?
Ability to solve manual search problems.
Infants who had not yet learned to crawl failed at changed-hiding-place problem vs infants who could crawl.
What is dishabituation?
Renewed attention when a new stimuli is substituted for an old one
What are the 3 complementary perspectives that help us understand children’s mental growth?
- Piaget: children as little scientists
- Vygotsky: child as apprentice
- Information-processing perspective: maturational changes in basic components of the child’s mind
How did Piaget believe that cognitive development occurs?
Through the child’s actions on the physical environment, which promote the development of schemes (mental blueprints for actions).
What are 2 processes of mental growth/development of schemes according to Piaget?
Assimilation and accommodation
What are operational schemes and what are they particularly important for?
Schemes for reversible actions (=operations). Important to cognitive development.
What are the 4 successive stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
- 0-2 jr: Sensorimotor stage: limited to the here and now; reflexes; develop classes of shcemes specific for different categories of objects
- 2-7 jr: Pre operational stage: enable to think beyond here and now; intelligence is symbolic/representational insight; appearance rather than principles; dual representation (symbol and object at the same time) is difficult.
- 7-11 jr:Concrete operational stage: reversable consequences of actions; conservation of substance; cause and effect.
- 11-16 jr: Formal operational stage: similarities about the operations that can be performed on different entities (e.g. apply conservation to all substances) + apply principles to actions that cannot actually be performed. But most adults actually fail to use formal-operational logic.
What is the key to cognitive development according to Vygotsky?
Interaction with social and cultural environment, which leads to intenalization of symbols, ideas and ways of thinking
What is the zone of proximal development?
Through dialogue and collaboration with more competent others, children acquire skills socially before being able to perform them individually.
Development occurs first on social level, then at individual level.
What can we say about the implicit long-term memory and explicit memory capacity in children according to the information-processing perspective?
Children exhibit implicit long-term memory from early infancy on, but we cannot assess their explicit memory capacity until they have sufficient language skills
What does episodic long-term memory requires and at what age does it start?
The child to encode pesonal experiences verbally.
Age 3
To what age do executive functions (working memory, inhibition, shifting) increase?
A parallel increase in what accompanies this increase in capacity?
15
Processing speed
What are the 3 main differences between pre-operational and concrete operational?
- Reversibility of operations
- Centration (pre operational) vs decentration (concrete opeational)
- Egocentricity: concrete operational better at taking other’s perspective
What are tools of intellectual adaptation according to Vygotsky?
Tools provided by culture, such as number words, alphabets, computers.
What is scaffolding?
When experts ae sensitive to the abilities of a novice and povide responses that guide the novide to gradually increase his or her understanding of a problem.