H15 Psychological Disorders Flashcards
In which 4 themes must clinicians evaluate behavior before they can diagnose a psychological disorder?
The four D’s:
- Deviance
- Distress
- Dysfunction
- Danger
What are the 3 conditions for a syndrome to be considered a psychological disorder by DSM-5 standarts?
- Clinically significant detriment
- Derive from an internal source
- Not be subject to voluntary control
Despite these, a psychological disorder is still a fuzzy concept
For what 2 purposes are classification and diagnosis essential?
- Clinical purposes
2. Scientific study of psychological disorders
The developers of the DSM have increasingly worked on demonstrating ….. by using objective symptoms.
…. is a more complex issue. These are 2 requirements for any system of diagnosis to be of value.
- Reliability: the probability that independent diagnosticians would agree about a person’s diagnosis
- Validity: index of the extent to which the categories it identifies are useful and meaningful for clinicians
Because labeling a person can have negative consequences (e.g. lowering self-esteem or esteem of others), labels should be applied only to the…., not to the….
- disorder
2. person
What are culture-bound syndromes?
Name 2 examples.
Expressions of mental distress limited to specific culture groups. In some cases, such syndromes represent exaggerated forms of behaviors that in more moderate forms are admired by a culture.
Anorexia and bulimia in cultures influenced by modern Western values, and internet addiction
What are 2 explanations for the great increase in diagnosis of ADHD in the US?
- Increased understanding of the disorder > in line with general trend in increased scientific understanding of psychological disorders
- Increased emphasis on school performance and reduced opportunities for vigorous play > in line with general trrend in general cultural shift toward seeing psychological disorder where people previously saw normal human variation.
What are the 13 main categories of disorders in the DSM-5?
- Anxiety disorders
- Trauma and stressor-related disorders
- Obsessive compulsive and related disorders
- Depressive disorders
- Bipolar and related disorders
- Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
- Personality disorders
- Dissociative disorders
- Feeding and eating disorders
- Substance-related disorders and addictive disorders
- Sleep-wake disorders
- Neurodevelopmental disorders
- Neurocognitive disorders
What is an alternative for the DSM?
WHO’s Inernational Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
What is a medical students’ disease?
A strong tendence to relate personally to and to find in oneself the symptoms of any disease or disorder described in a textbook.
How does the example of homosexuality illustrate the role of culture in determining what is or is not a disorder?
Until 1973 homosexuality was an official psychological disorder. The drop from the disorder list was partly based or research showing that the suffering and impairment associated with homosexuality derived not from the condition itself but from social prejudice directed agaisnt homosexuals + changed attitude straight people + objects gay people
What are 3 varieties of ADHD?
What is the most common treatment?
- Predominantly inattentive type
- Predominantly hyperactive impulsive type
- Combined type
Methylphenidate. No long-term tudies showing that the drug improves children’s lives over the long run.
Though psychological disorders have many possible causes, all exert their effects via the….
brain
Chronic psychological disorders usch as down sydrome and alzheimer’s disease and autism arise from…
From what deficits specifically do they arise?
irreversible brain deficits
Down: extra chromosome 21
Alz: disruptive effects of amyloid plaques (consisting of the protein beta amyloid) in the brain which form in the spaces between neurons and may disrupt neural communication
Autism: no consensus yet
What are 4 main categories of causes of episodic (=reversible) psychological disorders?
- Hereditary: most psychological disorders are to some degree heritable. Links to point number 2.
- Inflences on brain’s biology
- Environmental assaults on teh brain
- Effects of learning
What are three types of causes that provide a framework for thinkinga bout multiple causes?
- Predisposing causes: in place well before onset and make person susceptible (genetica, early environmental effects on brain, learned beliefs)
- Precipitating causes: immediate events that bring on the disorder (stressful life experiences or losses)
- Perpetuating causes: consequences of a disorder that help keep it going once it begins (poor self-care, social withdrawal, negative reactions from others)
What does the assumption that positive environemnts produce good developmental outcomes and negative environments produce bad development outcomes ignore, from an evolutionary developmental perspective?
Humans evolved to respond to different environmental contexts - good and bad- in an adaptive manner and that some of the dysfunctional outcomes observed when soem children grow up in high-stress environments may reflect their development being directed or regulated toward acquiring adaptive strategies to cope in these stressful environments.
What is the fast life history strategy?
People engange in more risky behaviors which is adaptive (or would be adaptive for our ancestors) in uncertain and stressful environments.
Little difference occurs between men and women in the prevalence of psychological disorders when all disorders are combined, but large differences are found for specific disorders.
- Name examples
- What are four possible ways of explainint these?
- More prevalent in women: anxiety disorders (incl. phobia) and depression
More prevalent in men: intermittent explosive disorder, antisocial personality disorder, substance-use disorder - Differences in reporting or surpressing psychological distress
- Clinicians’ expectations
- Differences in stressful experiences
- Differences in ways of responding to stressful situations: women tend to internalize, men tend to externalize
By what is generalized anxiety disorder:
1 characterized
2 predisposed
3 brought on
- Excessive worry about real or imagined threats
- Genes (30-50%) or childhood trauma
- Distrubing events in adulthood
…. - automatic attention to possible threats - may stem from … and may lead to generalized anxity.
- Hypervigilance (may result in part form genetic influences on brain development)
- early trauma
Levels of generalized anxiety have risen sharply in … cultures since….
Why?
Western
mid-twentieth century
Because of a reduced stability of the typical person’s life
What are phobias
- characterized by?
- Predisposed by?
- Perpetuated by?
- And what is the difference between normal fear and a phobia?
- Intense fear of specific nonsocial objects or situations. Phobia sufferers usually know that the fear is irrational but still cannot control it.
- Learning (Classical conditioning, 1 pairing is enough): apprx. 40% recalls traumatic situation in which they first acquired the fear
- Strong tendency to avoid looking at or being anywhere near the objects they fear
- Difference is one of degree
By what is a panic disorder:
- characterized
- predisposed and perpetuated
- triggered
- Bouts of helpless terror (panic attacks) unrelated to specific events in their environment. Experiencing a panic attack does not mean one has a panic disorder. Has to be recurrent and followed by debilitating worry about having another attack and/or behavior related to that worry
- Learned tendency to regard physiological arousal as catastrophic + shame around it + fear of having another attack
- Caffeine, exercise or other ways of increasing heart and breathing rates