H12 Social development Flashcards
- What is the function of that human infants exhibit attachment behaviors?
- When do they intensify?
- Protect baby from danger
2. 6-8 months: when baby can move around on its own
- What does the strange-situation test measure?
2. What does it correlate with?
- Secure attachment of infants to caregivers
2. Caregiver’s responsive, emotionally sensitive care
What does security of attachment in infancy and early childhood predict?
Psychological adjustment later in life.
Because of what do some infants appear to develop secure atttachment regardless of the sensitivity or insensitivity of care?
Particular genotype, greater uptake of serotonin (ll infante vs ss/sl infant)
What are 4 characteristics of infant care in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Efe and Aka?
What is the effect later in life?
- Treat them with indulgence
- Nearly constant physical contact
- Permitting nursing at will
- Responding quickly to signs of distress
Extraordinarily cooperative and brave.
Which 4 infant behaviors indicate strong attachment according to Bowlby?
- Distress when mother left them, especially in unfamiliar environment
- Pleasure when reunited with mother
3 Distress when approached by stranger unless reassured or comforted by mother - More likely to explore unfamiliar environment in presence of mothers than when alone
Has attachment derived from natural selection?
Yes
What are the 4 types of attachment?
- Secure attachment:
- Actively explore with mother in room
- Upset when mother leaves
- Go to mother when she retuns - Insecure resistant attachment
- Are anxious and do not explore much with mother in room
- Distressed when mother leaves
- Ambivalent and anger on her return and resist contact - Insecure avoidant attachment
- Little distress when mother leaves
- Avoid contact with mother on her return
- No wariness of stranger, might avoid him - Disorganized/disoriented attachment
- No coherent strategy for dealing with stress during separation and reunion
Are young chilren predisposed to give?
When does giving behavior start?
Yes, they give objects spontaneously to others beginning near the end of their first year?
When does the development of empathy start?
What does this lead to?
During 2nd year.
Causes children to base their giving, helping and sharing and comforting on an understanding of and concern for others’ needs and feelings
By what age do children tend to imitate all actions a model displays? Is the imitation all relevant?
Do adults also engage in overimitation?
3 years.
Both relevant and irrelevant (overimitation)
Yes, it actually increases with age
Do children transmit skills to one another?
Yes, with high fidelity
In which 3 stages did Erikson divide age 1-12?
- Autonomy: self-control
- Initiative: willingness to initiate actions
- Industry: competence in completing tasks
What is egocentric empathy?
E.g. feeling distressed when others are distressed
What is empathy?
Ability to perceive and feel the emotions that another person is feeling
What are the 4 parenting styles?
What is characteristic of children of the authoritative disciplinary style?
Do children with different temparaments elicit different styles?
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Uninvolved
Happier, friendlier, more cooperative
Children with different temparements elicit different disciplinary styles
What does play promote?
Development of skills needed for survival, including culture specific skills
What did Piaget and Vygotsky say that play promotes?
Does contemporary research support these ideas?
Piaget: learn about rules and become better moral reasoners
Vygotsky: develop self-control
Yes
How is age-mixed play different from play among age mates?
Less competitive, more conducive to teaching, learning and development of nurturing skills
What can you say about sex differences in mental and physical health, physical development, cognitive development and socioemotional development?
Many reliable differences, but magnitude is often quite small
By what age is gender identity established? What kind of behavior do children show then?
Year 4-5
Attend to and mimic culturally appropriate behaviors for their gender. Exaggerate gender stereotypes and play increasingly with same-sex peers