H13 Social psychology Flashcards
What is person bias?
Is this a cross-cultural bias?
Tendency to give undue weight to personality and not enough to the situation in making attributions.
May be a product of Western culture.
What are 2 common biases as to the effects of physical appearance?
Are these cross cultural?
- Physically attractive people are seen as more intelligent, social, competent and moral
- See baby-face individuals as more honest, naïve, helpless and warm - but less competent.
No, most prominent in Western culture.
How come people who met initially on the internet liked each other more than people who initially met ftf?
People on the internet may be less anxious, more intimate and freed from the biasing effects of physical appearance
What is attribution?
Any claim about causation. In the study of person perception, an attribution is a claim about the cause of someone’s behavior.
What is fundamental attribution error?
Another name for person bias; a label designed to signify the pevasiveness and strength of the bias and to suggest that it underlies many other social-psychological phenomena.
Label still in use despite growing evidence that bias may not be as fundamental as creater thought.
Are physically attractive people more intelligent?
What are 2 explanations?
Median correlation; perceived intelligence has a strong correlation.
- Good genes theory.
- the less issues as a fetus, the more symmetry
- What is the pygmalian effect?
2. How can this partly be explained?
- Adults’expectations about children’s behavior created by the expected behavior
- Partly by altering children’s self-concepts
What is the sociometer theory?
What is evidence that supports this (3x)?
States that self-esteem reflects the level of acceptance or rejection we believe we can expect from others
- Differences in self-esteem correlate with differences in degree to which people believe that they are accepted or rejected by others
- Self-eteem increased after praise, social acceptance or other satisfying social experiences
- Feedback abou tsuccess or failure on a test had greater effects on self-esteem if the person was led to believe that others would hear of this success or failure than when it was private.
How do we peceive ourselves mostly?
What effect illustrates this?
Through social comparison. Our judgments and feelings about ourselves depend on the reference group to which we compare ourselves.
Big fish in small pond effect
What are 3 things that illustrate that in Western cultures we tend to enhance views of ourselves?
- Self-serving attributions: attributing success to the self and failure to the situation
- Remembering our successes more than failures (does not hold true for remembering those of others)
- Defining our own criteria for success
What is an attitude?
What are values?
What are implicit and explicit attitudes? Measured how? Neural underpinnings?
Belief or opinion that includes an evaluative component
Our most central attitudes
Implicit: those formed through direct experience or repeated associations. They influence behavior automatically. Measured by implicit associoation tests. Limbic system.
Explicit: conscious, verbally stated evaluations. Measured by traditional attitude testst. PFC
What is cognitive dissonance?
Are we motivated to reduce it or enhance it?
What does this reduction lead to (2x)?
Discomforting lack of accord among our explicit beliefs, knowledge, attitudes and actions
Reduce.
Avoid dissonant information and to set aside doubts about a decision once it has been made
What is the insufficient justification effect?
It states that people are more likely to engage in a behavior that contradicts their personally held beliefs when they are offered a smaller reward, in comparison to a larger reward.[1] The smaller reward minimizes the cognitive dissonance generated by acting in contradiction to one’s beliefs because it feels easier to justify. The theory of insufficient justification formally states that when extrinsic motivation is low, people are motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance by generating an intrinsic motivation to explain their behavior, and similarly more likely to decline a desired activity when presented with a mild threat versus a more serious threat. Insufficient justification occurs when the threat or reward is actually sufficient to get the person to engage in or to avoid a behavior, but the threat or reward is insufficient to allow the person to conclude that the situation caused the behavior.[
What is the looking glass with which we evaluate ourselves according to Cooley?
Metaphor for other people who react to us. We all naturrally infer what otherrs think of us from their reactions and we use those inferences to build our own self-concepts
What is the positive illusory bias?
Adults’ overestimation of their abilities (even greater in children)
What are stereotypes?
Schemas that we have about groups of people.
What are the 2 subclasses of explicit stereotypes?
- Private
2. Public
How do you measure implict stereotypes?
Implicit association test
What can negative implicit stereotypes promote?
Pejudiced behavior even without conscious prejudice
What are implicit prejudices based on?
How can you modify them?
Primitive emotional processes
Classic conditioning