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H&N > H&N 8: Larynx > Flashcards

H&N 8: Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

Where is larynx?

A
  • lies ant. to laryngeal part of pharynx
  • ## extends from base of tongue (C3) to trachea (C6)
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2
Q

Where does laryngeal inlet lie?

A

immediately behind post. 1/3 of tongue

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3
Q

What is function of larynx?

A
  • air passageway linking pharynx with trachea
  • as sphincter to prevent food entering trachea
  • organ of phonation as can control flow of air coming out of larynx
  • also closes vocal folds during swallowing
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4
Q

What are walls of pharynx supported by?

A

series of cartilages

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5
Q

List the cartilages

A
  • large unpaired:
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
  • epiglottis
  • small paired:
  • arytenoid
  • cuneiform
  • corniculate
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6
Q

What is thyroid cartilage?

A
  • largest + consists of 2 plates joined ant. in midline
  • males: union gives acute angle (Adam’s apple)
  • females: union more obtuse
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7
Q

What is cricoid cartilage?

A
  • sits immediately below thyroid cartilage at level of C6
  • shaped like signet ring - thin band with quad plate which faces post.
  • only cartilage which completely encircles larynx
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8
Q

What is epiglottis?

A
  • fibroelastic leaf-shaped cartilage with stem anchored into angle of thyroid laminae
  • oriented upwards + backwards lying behind hyoid + reaching post. surface of tongue
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9
Q

What are the arytenoid cartilages?

A
  • pyramid shaped - lie on post. lamina of cricoid + art with it in synovial joint
  • ## provide attachment for vocal process
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10
Q

What are the corniculate cartilages?

A
  • sit atop apices of arytenoid cartilages, extending their length
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11
Q

What are the cuneiform cartilages?

A

sit in aryepiglottic folds

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12
Q

What connects thyroid + cricoid cartilages?

A
  • synovial joint

- movement at this joint involved in movement of larynx + change length + tension of VF

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13
Q

What attaches thyroid cartilage to hyoid?

A
  • thyroid mem + triciteal cartilage
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14
Q

What connects arytenoid + cricoid cartilages?

A
  • synovial joint - movement can change distance between vocal folds - allow air in + out
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15
Q

What is sig about laryngeal ventricles?

A

small as humans don’t need to make really loud noises

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16
Q

What is sig about vocal folds?

A
  • don’t have blood supply

- glands in laryngeal vent put fluid across them to keep them healthy

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17
Q

What is within vocal fold?

A
  • vocalis muscle - can change tension within vocal folds + size of rima glottidis
  • also open + close vocal folds
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18
Q

What is glottis?

A

both vocal folds

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19
Q

What is rima glottidis?

A

opening between vocal folds

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20
Q

What is thyroid mem?

A
  • fibroelastic sheet joining inf. surface of hyoid to sup. aspect of thyroid cartilage
  • lat. borders free + thickened + may devolve nodule of cartilage
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21
Q

What are the vocal lig?`

A

thick bands of elastic fibres running from vocal processes of arytenoid to thyroid cartilage + covered by mucous mem (vocal folds)

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22
Q

What are the vestibular lig?

A
  • 2 bands of fibres run from lat. borders of arytenoid cartilages to int. lamina of thyroid cartilage
  • run above vocal lig + also covered by mucous mem - vestibular folds (false vocal folds)
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23
Q

What are the aryepiglottic lig?

A

pass upwards from apices of arytenoid cartilages to lat. border

24
Q

What is the quadrangular mem?

A

thin fibroelastic sheet filling space between aryepiglottic lig. + vent. lig

25
Q

What is cricothyroid mem?

A

fibroelastic sheet filling space between vocal folds + cricoid cartilage (conus elasticus - lat. portion)

26
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A
  • supra + infrahyoid muscles
  • insert into larynx/hyoid bone
  • move larynx up/down
27
Q

What is function of mylohyoid + ant. belly of digastric?

A

raise hyoid + also raise whole of larynx due to thyrohyoid mem

28
Q

What is function of omohyoid + sternohyoid?

A

lower hyoid so whole of larynx moves down

29
Q

What must the hyoid do?

A

move larynx out of the way during swallowing + goes into oesophagus

30
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles?

A

both originate + insert into laryngeal cartilages

31
Q

What is function of cricothyroid muscle?

A
  • moves synovial joint between cricoid + thyroid cartilages

- change length of VF

32
Q

List functions of intrinsic muscles

A
  • Open the rima to allow passage of air in or out.
  • Close the vestibule + rima glottidis during swallowing to prevent aspiration of food.
  • Control of tension in the vocal folds for phonation.
33
Q

List intrinsic muscles

A
  1. Posterior cricoarytenoid
  2. Lateral cricoarytenoid
  3. Transverse cricoarytenoid
  4. Vocalis
  5. Cricothyroid
34
Q

What is function of post. cricoarytenoid?

A

open rima + abduct VF to give space for air to come out

35
Q

What is function of transverse cricoarytenoid?

A

close VF

36
Q

What is function of lat. cricoarytenoid?

A

close rima

37
Q

What is function of oblique interarytenoid?

A

close VF

38
Q

What is nerve supply to intrinsic muscles?

A

vagus

39
Q

Where is sup. laryngeal nerve from + its function?

A
  • vagus

- supply mucous mem + sensory area of larynx above VF

40
Q

Describe motor supply to larynx

A
  • All intrinsic muscles supplied by laryngeal branches of vagus nerve.
  • external branches supplies cricothyroid + remainder supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve
41
Q

Describe sensory supply to larynx

A
  • vagus nerve sensory to larynx.
  • internal laryngeal nerve supplies mucous membrane above vocal fold
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies below vocal fold.
42
Q

Describe blood supply to larynx

A
  • larynx receives its blood supply from sup. + inf. thyroid arteries.
  • sup. gives off an int. laryngeal branch while the inf. gives off an inf. laryngeal branch which accompanies recurrent laryngeal nerve into larynx.
43
Q

Describe venous drainage of larynx

A
  • laryngeal veins drain into the superior and inferior thyroid veins
  • sep in upper + lower pharynx
44
Q

Describe lymphatic drainage of larynx

A
  • submucosal lymphatic plexus of larynx drained by 2 sets of vessels.
  • Above vocal folds they pierce thyrohyoid membrane to
    reach upper deep cervical lymph nodes while below they join lower deep cervical lymph nodes
45
Q

When does phonation normally take place?

A
  • during expiration.

- possible during inspiration but not efficient +,cannot be maintained for long.

46
Q

What is breathing rate?

A
  • 15 cycles per min with the time almost equally
    divided between insp+ exp.
  • During speech, rhythm is altered with insp occurring rapidly.
47
Q

What is phonation?

A
  • consists of converting an even flow of expired air passing through larynx into an oscillating flow with a freq of 16-20,000 Hz which is within range of human hearing.
48
Q

How is phonation achieved?

A
  • vocal folds adducted obstructing air flow.
  • P then builds up from below until it forces folds apart allowing the air to escape.
  • cycle repeated + converts the air into series of puffs at freq determined by sub-glottal P + mass + tension vocal ligs.
  • freq of oscillating air also determines pitch which varies to allow intonation + expression.
49
Q

What is articulation produced by?

A

the tongue and lips

50
Q

How are vowel sounds formed?

A

by a continuous flow of air through the oral cavity the shape of which is modified by the muscles of the tongue and lips.

51
Q

How are consonant sounds formed?

A
  • constrictions of the vocal tract.
    1. Labial - contact between the lips – BPM
    2. Labiodentals - Lower lips & Upper incisors – FV
    3. Lingopalatal - a) tip of tongue and anterior part of hard palate – DTR
    b) dorsum of tongue + post. part of hard palate – JL
    c) Dorsum of tongue + soft palate – K
52
Q

How are sibilants formed?

A

S, SH, & Z air passes through narrow space between tip of tongue and + hard palate.

53
Q

How are M&N achieved?

A

expelling air through nose

54
Q

What may make speech unintelligible?

A

cleft palate/short lingual frenulum

55
Q

What can affect articulation?

A

Loss of teeth and denture but most people adapt

H&N (10 decks)

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