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First Aid > GUR > Flashcards

GUR Flashcards

1
Q

quid of hypernatremia

A

serum sodium> 145 meq/l

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2
Q

symptom of hypernatremia

A

Neurologic

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3
Q

neurologic problem in hypernatremia(2)

A

altered mental satus

seizures

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4
Q

causes of hypernatremia 6 D

A 
Diuretics
Dehydration
Diabetes insipidus
Docs(iatrogene)
Diarrhea
Disease(kidney sickle cell disease)
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5
Q

time to correct hypernatremia(2)

A

48-72 h

to prevent cerebral edema

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6
Q

quid of hyponatremia

A

na+< 136 meq/l

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7
Q

hypertonic hyponatremia

A

osmolality>295meq/l

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8
Q

normotonic hyponatremia

A

osmolality entre 280-295 meq/l

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9
Q

hypotonic hyponatremia

A

osmolality < 280 meq/l

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10
Q

cause of hypotonic hyponatremia with hypervolemia(4)

A

renal failure
nephrotic syndrome
cirrhosis
CHF

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11
Q

cause of hypotonic hyponatremia with hypovolemia(5)

A 
diuretics
vomiting
diarhea
third spacing
dehydration
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12
Q

RX OF hypotonic hyponatremia with hypovolemia

A

Replete volume with NACL 0,9%

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13
Q

hypervolemic hyponatremia(3)

A

Nephrosis
Cirhhosis
cardiosis

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14
Q

rythm to correct hyponatremia

A

0,5-1 meq/l/hr

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15
Q

why you should correct hyponatremia cautiously

A

to prevent central pontine myelosis

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16
Q

quid of central pontine myelinosis(2)

A

quadraplegia

pseudobulbar palsy

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17
Q

quid of hyperkaliemia

A

K> 5 meq/l

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18
Q

causes of hypokaliemia(2)

A

renal

GI losses

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19
Q

symptom of hypokaliemia(4)

A

muscle weakness
cramps
ileus
hyporeflexia

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20
Q

EKG in hypokaliemia(2)

A

flat T waves

U waves

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21
Q

causes of hypercalcemia CHIMPAZEES

A 
Calcium supplementation
Hyperparathyroidism
Iatrogenic/Immobility
Milk alkali syndrome
Paget disease
Addisons/Acromegaly
Neoplasm
Zollinger ellison syndrome(MEN 1)
Excess vit A
excess vit D
Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disease
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22
Q

hypercalcemia

A

calcium> 10.2

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23
Q

most common causes of hypercalcemia(2)

A

hyperparathyroidism

malignancy

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24
Q

quid of hypocalcemia

A

calcium< 8

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25
Q

cause of false hypocalcemia

A

hypoalbuminemia

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26
Q

classic hypocalcemia symptoms(3)

A

cramps
tetany
following thyroidectomy

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27
Q

chvostek sign in hypocalcemia

A

facial spasm elicited from tapping of the facial nerve

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28
Q

trousseau sign in hypocalcemia

A

carpal spasm after arterial occlusion with BP cuff for example

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29
Q

symptom of hypocalcemia(3)

A

abdominal muscle cramps
tetany
perioral acral paresthesias

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30
Q

quid of hypomagnesemia

A

Mg<1,5

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31
Q

etiologies of hypomagnesemia(3)

A

DKA/pancreatitis
loss of magnesium
decrease of intake

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32
Q

decrease intake causing hypomagnesemia(4)

A

malnutrition
malabsorption
short bowel syndrome
total parenteral nutrition

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33
Q

loss causing hypomagnesemia(6)

A 
diuretics
diarrhea
vomiting
hypercalcemia
drugs
alcoholism
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34
Q

drugs causing hypomagnesemia

A

amphotericin

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35
Q

symptom of hypomagnesemia(5)

A 
hyperactive reflexes
seizures
arrythmias
paresthesia
confusion
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36
Q

CAUSE OF PRERANAL ACUTE RENAL FAILURE(7)low renal perfusion

A 
hypovolemia
cardiogenic shock
sepsis
anaphylaxia
drugs
renal artery stenosis
hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis
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37
Q

renal cause of acute renal failure(4)nephron injury

A

ATN( acute renal tubular necrosis)
acute /allergic intersticial nephritis
glomerulonephritis
thromboembolism

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38
Q

post renal causes of acute renal failure(5)post renal obstruction

A 
prostate disease
nephrolithiasis
pelvic tumors
recent pelvic surgery
retroperitoneal fibrosis
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39
Q

causes of ATN(3)

A

renal ischemia
hemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria

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40
Q

prenal acute renal failure(4)

A

FeNA< 1
Una < 20
specific gravity of urine 1020
BUN/creat > 20

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41
Q

FeNA < 1 meaning

A

reins are trying to conserve Na

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42
Q

hyaline cast

A

prenal failure

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43
Q

red cell cast and dysmorphic red cells (2) quid

A

glomerulonephrits

intrinsic problem

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44
Q

white cells and eosinophils(3)

A

allergic intersticial nephritis
atheroembolic disease
intrinsic disease

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45
Q

ATN finding in urinalysis(3)

A

granular cast
renal tubular cells
muddy brown cast

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46
Q

quid of ATN

A

intrinsic disease

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47
Q

urinalysis finding in pyelonephritis(2)

A

white cells

white cell casts

48
Q

classification problem in pyelonephritis

A

post renal

49
Q

indication of dyalisisAEIOU

A 
Acidosis
Electrolyte disturbances
Ingestion
Overload fluid
Uremic symptoms
50
Q

electrolyte disturbance indicating dyalisis

A

hyperkaliemia

51
Q

substance ingestion indicating dyalisis(6)

A 
salicylates
theophyline
methanol
barbiturates
lithium
ethylene glycol
52
Q

uremic symptoms quid(6)

A 
pericarditis
encephalopathy
bleeding
nausea
pruritis
myoclonus
53
Q

why acidosis in renal failure

A

inability to excrete H+

54
Q

hematuria HTA and oliguria dx

A

nephritic syndrome

55
Q

do you have proteinuria in nephritic syndrome

A

Less than 1.5

56
Q

proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome

A

More or equal a 3.5 g /day

57
Q

biology in nephrotic syndrome(4)

A

proteinuria
hypoalbuminemia
hyperlipidemia
hyperlipiduria

58
Q

problem in nephrotic syndrome

A

increase permeability of the glomerulus

59
Q

nephrtic syndrome a immune complex(2)

A

GNA

Ig A nephropathy(maladie de Berger)

60
Q

pauci immune nephritic syndrome

61
Q

syndrome nephritic avec anti GMB disease(2)

A

goodpasture syndrome

alport syndrome

62
Q

clue for GNA(4)

A

edema
HTA
oliguria
smoky brown urine

63
Q

labs of GNA(3)

A

low c3
high ASo
lumpy bumpy immuno fluorescence

64
Q

cause of GNA

A

group A hemolytic strep

65
Q

most common type of nephritic syndrome

A

IGA nephropathy ou maladie de berger

66
Q

clue for berger(3)

A

upper respiratory tract infecion
nephritic syndrome
association with henoch shonlein purpura

67
Q

C3 in berger

68
Q

rx of nberger

A

glucocorticoids

ACE for proteinuria

69
Q

wegener clue(2)

A

upper and lower respiratory tract disease

renal problem

70
Q

anapath of wegener(2)

A

granulomatous disease

necrotizing vasculitis

71
Q

hemoptysis in wegener why

A

cavity in lungs

72
Q

lab for wegener

73
Q

biopsy in wegener

A

segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis with few immunoglobulin deposits on immunofluorescence

74
Q

rx of wegener(2)

A

corticoid

cytotoxic agents

75
Q

clue for Goodpasture organ involvement

76
Q

biosy in goodpasture(3)

A

linear anti GBM deposi on immunofluorescence
iron deficiency anemia
hemosiderrin filled macrophages in sputum

77
Q

xray in goodpasture

A

pulmonary infiltrates

78
Q

rx of goodpasture(2)

A

plasma exchange

steroids

79
Q

quid of alport syndrome

A

hereditary glomerulonephritis

80
Q

gender for alport

A

boy 5-20 ans

81
Q

clue for alport(2)

A

hematuria

nerve deafness

82
Q

biopsy for Alport

A

GBM splitting on electron microscopy

83
Q

prognosis of Alport

A

progress to renal failure

84
Q

causes of nephrotic syndrome(6)

A 
Minimal change disease
focal segmental glomerulo sclerosis
Membranous nephropathy
lupus nephritis
diabetic nephropathy
renal amyloidosis
Membranoproliferative nephropathy
85
Q

cause of renal amyloidosis(2)

A

multiple myeloma

chronic inflammatory disease(RA/TB)

86
Q

dx of amyloidosis(3)

A

fat pad biopsy
congo red stain apple green
birefringence undr polarised light

87
Q

most common nephropathy in caucasian adults

A

membranous nephropathy

88
Q

calcul(4)

A

calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate
struvite(MGNH4PO4)
acid uric
cystine

89
Q

most common calcul

A

calcium oxalate or phosphate

90
Q

hexagonal crystals

91
Q

size of stone to pass through the urethra

92
Q

stone < 3 mm next step(2)

A

extracorporeal shock wave liotripsy

percutaneous nephrolitotomy

93
Q

PCKD in infant inheritance

A

autosomal recessive

94
Q

PCKD in adult

A

autosomal dominant

95
Q

types of Renal tubular acidosis RTA(3)

96
Q

defect in type 1 renal tubular acidosis

A

H+ secretion

97
Q

defect in type 2 renal tubular acidosis

A

hco3- reabsorption

98
Q

defect in type 4 renal tubular acidosis(2)

A

aldosterone deficiency or resistance

defect in K+ and H+ excretion and Na+ reabsorption

99
Q

K+ in the different type of RTA(3)

A

high or low in type 1
low in type 2
high in type 4

100
Q

PH urine in the different types of RTA(4)

A

> 5,3 in type 1
5.3 initially and < 5,3 once serum acidic in type 2
< 5,3 in type 4

101
Q

etiologies in type 1 RTA(6)

A 
hereditsry
amphotericin 
cirrhosis
autoimmune disorders
scd
lithium
102
Q

etiologies in type 2 RTA (4)

A

HEREDITARY
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE inhibitor
fanconi syndrome
multiple myeloma

103
Q

etiologies in type 4 RTA (4)

A

hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism
chronic kidney disease from DM
HTA
HIV

104
Q

rx type 1 et 2

A

citrate de K+

105
Q

rx of type 4(3)

A

furosemide
fludrocortisone
low potassium diet

106
Q

complication of type 1 RTA

A

nephrolithiasis

107
Q

complication of type 2 RTA(2)

A

rickets

osteomalacia

108
Q

complication of type 4 RTA

A

hyperkaliemia

109
Q

corner stone of SIAH rx

A

fluid restriction

110
Q

leading cause of ca in men(5)

A 
lung
prostate
colorectal
pancreatic
leukemia
111
Q

cause of elevated PSA(5)

A 
BPH
prostatitis
UTI
prostatic trauma
carcinoma
112
Q

screening test for prostate ca

A

annual direct rectal examination after 50

113
Q

differentiel dx of hematuria S2I3T3

A 
Stricture
stones
infection
inflammation
infarction
tumor
trauma
TB
114
Q

palpable flank mass in the setting of flank pain and hematuria

A

renal cell carcinoma

115
Q

common presentation in renal cell carcinoma(2)

A

anemia

polycythemia

116
Q

when to do orchiopexy in kid in case of cryptorchidism

A

after age one and before age 5

First Aid (19 decks)

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