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cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

quid of normal axis(2)

A

upright QRS inleads 1 and AVF

double thumbs up

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2
Q

Ekg in COPD

A

right bundle branch block

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3
Q

CAuse of AFIB(7)

A 
Pirates
P=pulmonar disease
I=ischema
R=rheumatic heart disease
A=Anemia and atrial myxoma
T=Thyrotoxycosis
E=Ethanol
S=sepsis
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4
Q

Ekg in hyperkalemia(3)

A

Peaked T waves
wide QRS
sinusoidal wave pattern

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5
Q

Ekg in pulmonary embolus

A

sinus tachycardia

S1Q3T3

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6
Q

QQUID OF s1q3t3(3)

A

S wave in lead 1
q wave in lead 3
T inverted in lead 3

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7
Q

EKG in wolf parkinson white

A

Delta waves

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8
Q

EKG of left ventricular hypertrophy(2)

A

amplitude of R wave in AVL plus amplitude of S wave in V3 > ou egal a 24 in males
a 20 in females

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9
Q

EKG in RVHypertrophy(2)

A

R wave in v1 . 7 mm

right axis deviation

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10
Q

EKG in atrial hypertrophy in the left

A

biphasic P wave in lead V1

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11
Q

EKG in atrial hypertrophy in the right

A

P wave amplitude > 2,5 mm in lead 2

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12
Q

Left bundle branch block on EKG(2)

A

William
W pattern of QRS in v1-v2
M pattern v3-v6

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13
Q

right bundle branch block on EKG(2)

A

Marrow
M pattern of qrs in v1 v2
W pattern of qrs in v3-v6

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14
Q

3 types of cardiomyopathy(3)

A

dilated
restrictive
hypertrophic

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15
Q

PROBLEM IN DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

A

IMPAIRED CONTRACTILITY

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16
Q

PROBLEM IN restrictive CARDIOMYOPATHY

A

impaired elasticity

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17
Q

PROBLEM IN hypertrophic CARDIOMYOPATHY

A

impaired relaxation

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18
Q

Ef in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

increased or normal

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19
Q

Ef in restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

decreeassed mildly or normal

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20
Q

cause of dilated cardiomyopathy(6)

A 
ABCCCD
A=ALCOHOL
B=BERIBERI
C=COCKSAKIE B
C=CHAGAS
C=COCAINE
D=DOXORUBICIN
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21
Q

THE 2 MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

A

LONG STANDING hta

ISCHEMIA

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22
Q

s4 MEANING(2)

A

STIFFED VENTRICLE

atrial kick associated with hypertrophic ventricle

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23
Q

cause of reccurent CHF FAILURE

A 
forgot medication
arythmia/anemia
ischemia infarc infection
lifestyle
upregulation (increased cardiac output)
renal failure 
embolus(pulmonary
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24
Q

cause of increased cardiac output

A

pregnancy

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25
lifestyle causing reccurrent CHF(2)
hig Na+ intake | low exercice
26
caution when using Bblockers(ABCD)
asthma block (heart) Copd diabetes
27
STAGE A using AHA/ACC classification
patients at risk for CHF but no signs or symptoms or structural heart abnormalities
28
Stage B using AHA/ACC classification
patients with structural heart disease but no symptoms of CHF
29
rx of stage B(2)
ACE | B blocker
30
quid of structural hert disease(3)
previous MI left ventricular systolic dysfunction valvular disease
31
quid of stage C of AHA/ACC
patietn with structural heart disease with symptoms of CHF or have prior symptoms
32
rx of stage C AHA/ACC(4)
diuretics Ace digitalis salt restriction
33
quid of stage D of AHA/ACC
patient with marked symptoms of CHF at rest despite maximal medical rx
34
rs of stage D AHA/ACC(4)
MECHANICAL ASSIST DEVICES HEART TRANSPLANT CONTINUOUS iv INOTROPIC DRUGS HOSPICE CARE
35
SIDE EFFECT OF ace INHINITOR (Captopril)
``` cough angioedema potassium excess taste changes orthostatic hypotension pregnancy contrindication rash indomethacin inihibition liver toxicity ```
36
most common cause of right heart failure
left heart failure
37
left sided CHF symptoms(4)
rales S3 pleural effusions pulmonary edema
38
right sided CHF symptoms(4)
JVD hepatomegaly hepatojugular reflux bipedal edema
39
comorbidities associated with systolic heart failure(2)
diated cadiomyopathy | valvular heart disease
40
comorbidities associated with diastolic heart failure(4)
restrictive cardiomyopathy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy renal disease HTA
41
physical exam in systolic heart failure(2)
displaced PMI | S3
42
physical exam in diastolic heart failure(2)
sustained PMI | S4
43
CXR in in systolic heart failure(2)
pulmonary congestion | cardiomegaly
44
CXR in in diastolic heart failure(2)
pulmonary congestion | normal heart size
45
EF in diastolic heart failure(
> 50 %
46
EF in systolic heart failure(
< 40%
47
side effect of HMG co a(4)
hepatotoxicity myositis girl in pregnancy coumadin /cyclosporine interactions
48
target LDL 0-1 risk factor
< 160
49
target LDL > ou egal a 2 risk factor
< 130
50
target LDL in cad or risk equivalent
< 70
51
risk factor to take into consideration in LDL evaluation(6)
``` diabetes considered as CAD equivalent smoking HTA HDL< 40 age > 45 pour males age> 55 females early CAD in first degree relatives < 55 ans male <65 ans in females ```
52
problem in taking bile acid resins(cholestyramine/colestipol/colesevelam)
decrease absorption of other drugs
53
patient with risk of silent MI(3)
elderly diabetic postorthotopic heart transplants patients
54
indiction of CABG (DUST)(4)
depresed ventricular function unable to perform PTCA(diffuse disease) stenosis of left main triple vessel disease
55
goal HTA in diabetics or patient with renal failure
<130/80
56
stage 1 HTA
140-159 | 90-99
57
rx of stage 1 HTA
monotherapy or combination
58
stage 2 HTA
> ou egal a 160=systole | > ou egal 100= diastole
59
rx of stage 2
2 drugs combination
60
side effect of acetazolamide
acidosis
61
calcium in diuretics intake(2)
loops loose diuretics | thiazide save it
62
5 classes of diuretics
``` osmotic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors loops thiazide K+ sparing agents ```
63
example of osmotic diuretics
Mannitol
64
site of action of Mannitol
proximal tubule
65
example of carbonic anhydrase inihibitor
acetazolamide
66
site of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
proximal convoluted tubule
67
example of loops diuretics(4)
furosemide acid ethacrinic torsemide bumetamide
68
site of action of loops
loop of henle
69
example of thiazide diuretics(3)
hctz chortalidone chlorothiazide
70
site of action of thiazide
early distal tubule
71
example of K+sparing agents(3)
spironolactone triamterene amiloride
72
site of action K+ sparing agent
cortical collecting tubule
73
mechanism of action of manitol(2)
augmentation of urine osmolarity | increase urine flow
74
mechanism of action of acetazolamide(2)
NAHCO3 diuresis | decreased total body of NAHCO3-
75
mechanism of action of loop diuretics(3)
decrease the na+k+2 cl- cotransporter decrease urine concentration increase calcium excreion
76
mechanism of action of thiazides(3)
decraese NACL reabsorption decrease the diluting capacity of the nephron decreased calcium excretion
77
mechanism of action of spironolactone
aldosterone receptor antagonist
78
mechanism of action of triamterene and amiloride
block Na+ channels
79
loops diuretics side efffects(5)
``` ototoxicity hypokaliemia hypocalcemia gout dehydration ```
80
K+ sparing side effects(4)
hyperkaliemia gynecomastia sexual dysfunction hirsutism
81
acetazolamide side effects(4)
NH3 toxicity sulfa allergy hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis neuropathy
82
manitol side effects(2)
pulmonary edema | dehydration
83
CI of mannitol(2)
anuria | CHF
84
action of B blockers(2)
reduce cardiac contractility | decrease renin relaease
85
quid of centrally acting adrenergic agonists(3)
Methyl dopa clonidine guanabenz
86
mechanism of action of centrally acting adrenergic agonists
inhibit sypathetic nervous system via central alpha 2 receptor adrenergique
87
side effect of centrally acting adrenergic agonist(4)
somnolence orthostasis impotence rebound HTA
88
examples of alpha 1 adrenergic blocker(3)
terazocin prazocin phenoxybenzamine
89
mechanism of action of alpha 1 adrenergic blocker
vasodilation by blocking action of norepinephrine on vascular smooth muscle
90
side effects of alpha 1 adrenergic blocker
orthostasis
91
side effect of dihydropyridines(3)
headache flushing peripheral edema
92
side effect of verapamil diltiazem
reduced contractility
93
example of vasodilators(2)
hydralazine | minoxidil
94
action of vasodilators
decrease peripheral resistance by dilating arteries and arterioles
95
side effects of hydralazine(2)
headache | lupus like syndrome
96
side effect od minoxidil(2)
ortstasis | facial hirsutism
97
side effetc of ARB's(3)
rashes leukopenia hyperkaliemia
98
HTA and osteoporosis rx
thiazides
99
BPH and HTA
@ agonists
100
cause of secondary HTA CHAPS(5)
``` cushing hyperaldosteronism aortic coarctation pheo stenosis of renal arteries ```
101
drug to treat hypertensive emergency or urgency(5)
``` nitroprusside labetalol nitroglycerin nicardipine hydralazine ```
102
cause of renal arteries stenosis in young patient
fibromuscular dysplasia
103
cause of renal arteries stenosis in elderly
atherosclerosis
104
why ACE inhibitor is dangerous in bilateral reanl artery stenosis
accelerate kidney failure by preferential vasodilation of the efferent arterioles
105
rx of renal arteries stenosis(2)
angioplasty | stenting
106
riis of HTA in OCP use(3)
more than 35 obese long standing use of OCP
107
rx of HTA induced by OCP
discontinue OCP
108
cause of pericarditis CARDIAC RIND
``` collagen vascular disease aortic dissection radiation drugs infections acute rena failure cardiac rheumatic fever injury neolasms dressler ```
109
RISK FACTOR FOR ATHEROSCLEROSIS SAD BET
``` Sex male Age diabetes BP high Elevated cholesterol Tobacco ```
110
virchows triad
endothelial damage redced blood flow(stasis) increased coagulability
111
trousseau syndrome
hypercoagulability caused by malignancy
112
First cancer involved in trousseau syndrome
adenocarcinoma
113
cause of secondary HTA(7)
``` renal disease renal artery stenosis OCP use PHeo conn's syndrome Cushing coarctation ```
114
S3 meaning (2)
end of rapid ventricular filling associated with dilated cardiomyopathy

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