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LECOM anatomy > guessed high yield book abdomen > Flashcards

guessed high yield book abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

what does the scarpa fascia continue as inferiorly

A

as the superficial perineal fascia (collets fascia)

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2
Q

how is the parietal peritoneum separated from the transversals fascia

A

variable amount of extraperitoneal fat

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3
Q

what are the 3 flat muscles of the abdomen

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus

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4
Q

what muscles contribute to the aponeuroses of the rectus sheath

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus

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5
Q

what are the 2 vertical muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

rectus abdominis and pyramidalis

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6
Q

which flat muscle does NOT originate posteriorly from the thoracolumbar fascia

A

external oblique

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7
Q

which abdominal muscle gives rise to the inguinal ligament

A

external oblique

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8
Q

what does the inguinal ligament span from

A

ASIS and the pubic tubercle

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9
Q

what percentage of people have the pyramidalis muscle

A

80%

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10
Q

what do surgeons use the attachment of the pyramidalis muscle to the linea alba for

A

as a landmark for median abdominal incision

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11
Q

what are found within the rectus sheath (besides the muscles that make it up)

A

superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels, distal portions of the thoraco-abdominal nerves

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12
Q

what demarcates the transition between the aponeurotic posterior wall of the sheath covering the superior 3/4 of the rectus and the transversals fascia covering the inferior quarter

A

arcuate line

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13
Q

what is the dermatome to the umbilicus

A

T10

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14
Q

what is the dermatome to the inguinal fold

A

L1

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15
Q

what cutaneous branches supply to the skin superior to the umbilicus

A

T7-T9

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16
Q

what cutaneous branches supply to the skin around the umbilicus

A

T10

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17
Q

what does the superficial epigastric vein arise from

A

femoral vein

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18
Q

what does the lateral thoracic vein arise from

A

axillary vein

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19
Q

what do the superior epigastric vessels and the muscophrenic vessels arise from

A

internal thoracic

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20
Q

what do the inferior epigastric and the deep circumflex iliac vessels arise from

A

external iliac vessels

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21
Q

what does the superficial circumflex iliac arise from

A

femoral artery

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22
Q

what does the superficial epigastric vessels arise from

A

great saphenous vein

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23
Q

what is the superior epigastric artery a direct continuation of

A

internal thoracic artery

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24
Q

where does the inferior epigastric arise from the external iliac artery

A

just superior to the inguinal ligament

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25
Q

where does lymph superior to the transumbilical plane drain mainly to

A

axillary lymph nodes

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26
Q

where do superficial lymphatic vessels inferior to the transumbilical plane drain to

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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27
Q

what space is located between the transversals fascia and the parietal peritoneum

A

space of Bogros

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28
Q

where does an epigastric hernia occur

A

through the linea alba in the midline between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus

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29
Q

what plane are paramedic incisions made in

A

sagittal plane

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30
Q

what type of incisions are typically used for appendectomy

A

Gridiron (muscle-splitting) incisions

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31
Q

where is McBurneys point

A

approximately 2.5 cm superomedial to the ASIS on the spina-umbilical line

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32
Q

what do subcostal incisions provide access to

A

gallbladder and biliary ducts on right side and spleen on left side

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33
Q

what do the lateral umbilical folds cover

A

the inferior epigastric vessels

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34
Q

what is the supravesical fossa between

A

median and medial umbilical folds

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35
Q

what is the medial inguinal fossa between

A

the medial and lateral umbilical folds (also known as hesselbach triangles)

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36
Q

what is the site of indirect inguinal hernias

A

hesselbachs triangle

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37
Q

what is the site for the indirect inguinal hernia

A

deep inguinal rings which are located in the lateral inguinal fossa

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38
Q

what forms the medial boundary of the subinguinal space

A

lacunar ligament

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39
Q

what is the main occupant of the inguinal canal in males and females

A

spermatic cord in males and round ligament of uterus in females

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40
Q

what does the lateral crus attach to

A

pubic tubercle

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41
Q

what does the medial crus attach to

A

pubic crest

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42
Q

what is the internal spermatic fascia derived from

A

transversalis fascia

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43
Q

what is the cremasteric fascia derived from

A

investing fascia

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44
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do

A

reflexively draw the testis superiorly in the scrotum, particularly in response to cold

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45
Q

what is the smooth muscle of the fat-free subcutaneous tissue of the scrotum

A

dartos muscle

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46
Q

what is the cremaster muscle innervated by

A

genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

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47
Q

what does the testicular artery arise from

A

aorta

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48
Q

what does the artery of the ductus deferent arise from

A

inferior vesical artery

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49
Q

what does the cremasteric artery arise from

A

inferior epigastric artery

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50
Q

what do the lymphatic vessels of the scrotum drain into

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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51
Q

what does the right testicular vein enter into

A

IVC

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52
Q

what does the left testicular vein enter into

A

left renal vein

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53
Q

what is the condition called when there are undescended testes

A

cryptorchidism

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54
Q

what nerve is at risk of damage when there is repair due to direct inguinal hernia

A

iliohypogastric nerve

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55
Q

what finding suggests an indirect inguinal hernia

A

detection of an impulse at the superficial ring and a mass at the site of the deep ring

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56
Q

what is indicative of a direct inguinal hernia

A

a sudden impulse is felt medial to the finger when the person coughs or bears down

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57
Q

what is the anterolateral surface of the scrotum nerve supply to the

A

lumbar plexus

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58
Q

what is the nerve supply to the postern-inferior aspect of the scrotum

A

sacral plexus

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59
Q

what side do varicoceles typically occur

A

left side

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60
Q

where does metastasis originally occur with cancer of testes

A

retroperitoneal lumbar lymph nodes

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61
Q

where does metastasis first occur with cancer of the scrotum

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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62
Q

where is pain from the inferior surface of the central part of the diaphragm typically referred

A

to the C3-C5 dermatomes over the shoulder

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63
Q

what is visceral peritoneum primarily stimulated by

A

stretching and chemical irritation

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64
Q

where is pain from foregut derivatives typically experienced

A

epigastric region

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65
Q

what mesentery is commonly known as “the mesentery”

A

small intestine mesentery

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66
Q

describe the greater omentum

A

4-layered peritoneal fold that hands down like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum (then after descending, folds back and attaches to the anterior surface of the transverse colon and its mesentery

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67
Q

describe the lesser omentum

A

2-layered peritoneal fold that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver

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68
Q

how is the liver connective to the anterior abdominal wall

A

falciform ligament

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69
Q

what does the portal triad consist of

A

portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

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70
Q

where does the mental bursa (lesser sac) lie

A

posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum

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71
Q

how do the lesser and greater sac communicate

A

epiploic foramen/ OOMENTAL foramen

72
Q

what does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain

A

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

73
Q

what is the anterior border of the epiploic foramen

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

74
Q

what effectively blocks the external os (opening) of the uterus to most pathogens but not sperm

A

mucous plug

75
Q

what occurs when an ulcer perforates the wall of the stomach or duodenum, spilling acid content into the peritoneal cavity

A

general peritonitis

76
Q

where is the needle inserted for paracentesis

A

superior to the empty urinary bladder (in order to avoid the inferior epigastric artery)

77
Q

what is the medical term for removal of the gall bladder

A

cholecystectomy

78
Q

where does digestion mostly occur

A

stomach and duodenum

79
Q

where does absorption of chemical compounds occur primarily

A

small intestine

80
Q

where does most reabsorption of water occur

A

ascending colon

81
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein formed by the union of

A

superior mesenteric and splenic veins

82
Q

what fascia is the phrenic-esophageal ligament an extension of

A

inferior diaphragmatic fascia

83
Q

what is the right border of the abdominal esophagus continuous with

A

lesser curvature of the stomach

84
Q

what is the jagged lien where the mucosa abruptly changes from esophageal to gastric mucosa

A

Z line

85
Q

what vertebral level is the cardia of the stomach typically at

A

T11

86
Q

what is the stomach anteriorly related to

A

diaphragm, left lobe of liver, and anterior abdominal wall

87
Q

what is the stomach posteriorly related to

A

OOmental bursa and pancreas

88
Q

what is the arterial supply to the lesser curvature

A

right and left gastric arteries

89
Q

what is the arterial supply along the greater curvature of the stomach

A

right and left gastro-OOmental (gastro-epiploic)

90
Q

what do the funds and upper body of the stomach receive blood from

A

short and posterior gastric arteries

91
Q

what do the right and left gastric veins drain into

A

hepatic portal vein

92
Q

what do the short gastric and left gastro-mental veins drain into

A

splenic veins

93
Q

what is the anterior vagal trunk mainly derived from

A

left vagus nerve

94
Q

what is the posterior vagal trunk mainly derived from

A

right vagus nerve

95
Q

what is the primary site for absorption of nutrients from ingested materials

A

small intestine

96
Q

what is the superior part of the duodenum overlapped by

A

liver and gallbladder

97
Q

what 2 ducts come together to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

bile and main pancreatic ducts

98
Q

what vertebral level is the superior part of the duodenum at

A

anterolateral to L1 vertebra

99
Q

what vertebral level is the descending part of the duodenum at

A

right of L2-L3 vertebrae

100
Q

what vertebral level is the inferior duodenum at

A

anterior to L3 vertebrae

101
Q

what vertebral level is the ascending part of the duodenum at

A

Left of L3

102
Q

what is the terminal branch of the SMA

A

ileocolic artery

103
Q

where is the right colic flexure located

A

deep to the 9th and 10th ribs

104
Q

what is the main arterial supply to the transverse colon

A

middle colic artery

105
Q

what people are highly prone to esophageal varices

A

people with alcoholic cirrhosis

106
Q

what is another name for heartburn

A

pyrosis

107
Q

where do all gastric nodes eventually drain

A

celiac lymph nodes

108
Q

where does pain from the posterior gastric ulcer tend to refer to

A

the back

109
Q

where is visceral referred pain from a gastric ulcer felt

A

in the epigastric region because the stomach is supplied by pain afferents that reach T7 and T8 spinal sensory ganglia and spinal cord segments through the greater splanchnic nerve

110
Q

what is the spleen associated with posteriorly

A

left 9th-11th ribs

111
Q

what is the largest branch of the celiac trunk

A

splenic artery

112
Q

what does the splenic vein unite with in order to form the hepatic portal vein

A

SMV (posterior to the neck of the pancreas)

113
Q

what 2 things join to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

the main pancreatic duct and the bile duct

114
Q

what 2 ducts unite to form the common bile duct

A

common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

115
Q

what ribs does the liver normally lie deep to

A

ribs 7-11 on right side

116
Q

what part of the liver lies in direct contact with the diaphragm

A

bare area of the liver

117
Q

what encloses the portal triad

A

lesser omentum

118
Q

which lobe of the liver is larger

A

right

119
Q

what is the largest derivative of the celiac plexus

A

hepatic plexus

120
Q

where do efferent lymphatic vessels from the bile duct pass to

A

celiac lymph nodes

121
Q

what duct connects the neck of the gall bladder to the common hepatic duct

A

cystic duct

122
Q

where does blood from the SMV mostly go

A

to the right liver

123
Q

true or false: the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries have no valves

A

true

124
Q

what is the most frequently injured organ in the abdomen

A

spleen

125
Q

what are most exocrine pancreatic problems secondary to

A

biliary problems

126
Q

what side of the body are subphrenic abscesses more common

A

right because of the frequency of ruptured appendices and perforated duodenal ulcers

127
Q

where is a subphrenic abscess often drained

A

by an incision inferior to, or through, the bed of the 12th rib

128
Q

what is the most common source of an aberrant right hepatic artery

A

SMA

129
Q

what is the most common source of an aberrant left hepatic artery

A

left gastric artery

130
Q

what is the primary site for detoxification of substances absorbed by the GI tract

A

liver

131
Q

what is the most common cause of portal hypertension

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

132
Q

where is the needle commonly direct for a liver biopsy

A

through the right 10th intercostal space in the midaxillary line

133
Q

what is the common site for impaction of gallstones

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

134
Q

where does pain from impaction of a gallbladder develop and then shift to

A

develops in the epigastric region and shifts to the right hypochondriac region at the junction of the 9th costal cartilage and the lateral border of the rectus sheath

135
Q

what is the renal fascia continuous with superiorly

A

fascia on the inferior surface of the diaphragm

136
Q

posteriorly, what does the superior parts of the kidneys lie deep to

A

11th and 12th ribs

137
Q

is the renal vein anterior or posterior to the renal artery in the hilum

A

anterior

138
Q

what is the apex of the renal pelvis continuous with

A

ureter

139
Q

where do the ureters normally demonstrate relative constrictions

A

junction of the ureters and the renal pelves, where the ureters cross the brim of the pelvic inlet, and during their passage through the wall of the urinary bladder

140
Q

what is the major attachment of the suprarenal glands

A

diaphragmatic crura

141
Q

where do the renal arteries arise

A

at the level of the IV disc between L1 and L2

142
Q

which renal artery is longer and describe its relationship to the IVC

A

right renal artery passes posterior to the IVC

143
Q

what does the left renal vein receive from

A

left suprarenal vein, left gonadal vein and a communication with the ascending lumbar win

144
Q

where does each renal vein drain into

A

IVC

145
Q

where do superior suprarenal arteries arise from

A

inferior phrenic arteries

146
Q

where do middle suprarenal arteries arise from

A

abdominal aorta near the level of origin of the SMA

147
Q

where do the inferior suprarenal arteries arise from

A

renal arteries

148
Q

which suprarenal vein drains directly into the IVC

A

right

149
Q

what does the left suprarenal vein often have to join with before emptying into the left renal vein

A

inferior phrenic vein

150
Q

where do lymphatic vessels from the middle part of the ureter usually drain

A

common iliac lymph nodes

151
Q

where do lymphatic vessels from the inferior part of the ureters typically drain

A

common, external or internal iliac lymph nodes

152
Q

where does pain from the ureters typically refer to

A

ipsilateral lower quadrants of the anterior abdominal wall and especially to the groin

153
Q

what is the medical term to describe dropped kidney

A

Nephroptosis

154
Q

what is the site for transplanting a kidney

A

in the iliac fossa of the greater pelvis

155
Q

what is the medical term for a kidney stone

A

renal calculus

156
Q

where is pain due to a kidney stone referred

A

to the cutaneous areas innervated by the spinal cord segments and sensory ganglia, which also receive visceral afferents from the ureter, mainly T11-L2

157
Q

what is the main source of presynaptic sympathetic fibers serving abdominal viscera

A

lower thoracic splanchnic nerves

158
Q

what does the stomach (foregut) receive innervation from

A

T6-T9 levels

159
Q

what does the small intestine through the transverse colon (midgut) receive innervation from

A

T8-T12levels

160
Q

what does the descending colon (handgun) receive innervation from

A

T12-L2 levels

161
Q

what are pelvic splanchnic nerves derived directly from

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves S2-S4

162
Q

what plexuses does the inter mesenteric plexus give rise to

A

renal, testicular/ovarian and ureteric plexuses

163
Q

what does the right crus of the diaphragm arise from

A

the first 3-4 lumbar vertebrae

164
Q

what does the left crus of the diaphragm arise from

A

first 2-3 lumbar vertebrae

165
Q

where do the superior phrenic veins drain into

A

IVC

166
Q

what is the chief flexor of the thigh

A

iliopsoas

167
Q

what nerve roots does the genitofemoral nerve arise from

A

L1-L2

168
Q

what spinal nerve roots does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh arise from

A

L2,L3

169
Q

at what vertebral level does the aorta bifurcate

A

L4

170
Q

what artery gives rise to the deep circumflex iliac and inferior epigastric arteries

A

external iliac artery

171
Q

what level does the IVC begin and due to the union of what

A

anterior to L5 vertebrae by the union of the common iliac veins

172
Q

where does lymph from the common iliac drain to

A

right and left lumbar lymph nodes

173
Q

where does the inferior end of the thoracic duct lie

A

anterior to the L1 and L2 vertebral bodies between the right crus of the diaphragm and the aorta

174
Q

where does the thoracic ultimately end

A

by entering the venous system at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins (left venous angle)

175
Q

where is pain resulting from irritation of the diaphragmatic pleura or the diaphragmatic peritoneum referred to

A

shoulder region (area of skin supplied by the C3-C5 segments of spinal cord)

176
Q

where does irritations of peripheral regions of the diaphragm, innervated by inferior intercostal nerves, referred

A

it is more localized at the skin over the costal margins of the anterolateral abdominal wall

LECOM anatomy (20 decks)

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