anatomy clinical head Flashcards
when can CN 1 likely get damaged
in head trauma
where can CN 2 be damaged
in the optic canal, orbit and subarachnoid space
where can CN 3 be damaged
midbrain, subarachnoid space, cavernous sinus, orbit
what is ptosis and mydrasis signs of injury to
CN 3
where can CN 4 be damaged
in the midbrain, subarachnoid space, cavernous sinus, orbit
what are signs of injury to CN 4
vertical diplopia
what nerve is damaged with trigeminal neuralgia
CN 5
where can the trigeminal nerve be damaged (general)
pons and posterior cranial fossa
where can the ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal nerve be damaged
cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, branches in orbit and on face
where can the maxillary nerve of the trigeminal nerve be damaged
cavernous sinus, foramen rotunda, branches in nasal cavity and face
where can the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve be damaged
foramen ovale, infratemporal fossa, branches ot mandible and face
where can cranial nerve 6 be damaged
pons, subarachnoid space/posterior fossa, cavernous sinus, orbit
what is cranial nerve 6 in direct contact with in the cavernous sinus
internal carotid artery
what are signs of injury to cranial nerve 6
horizontal diplopia, cannot abduct eye, esotropia
where can cranial nerve 7 be damaged
pons/medulla/posterior cranial fossa, temporal bone, on face (parotid surgery)
what nerve is damaged with bell’s palsy
CN 7
what does injury to CN 8 lead to
IL deafness, nystagmus, and dizziness
what nerves are impacted with vestibular schwannoma
CN 7, 8, 10 and 12
where can cranial nerve 10 be damaged
medulla/posterior fossa
what does CN XI arise from
neurons in C1-C4 spinal cord
what are the sensory ganglia in the head
trigeminal (CN 5), geniculate (CN 7), and superior and inferior (CN IX), superior and inferior (CN X)
parasympathetics in head
COPS- ciliary (CN 3), otic (CN 9), pterygopalatine (CN 7), submandibular (CN 7)
what nerves are involved with syndromes at the sphenoid fissure
3, 4, 5(2), 6
what nerves are involve in syndromes at the cavernous sinus
3, 4, 5(1), 6
what nerves are involved in syndromes at the retrosphenoidal space
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
what nerves are involved in syndromes occurring at the apex of petrous bone
5, 6
what nerves are involved in syndromes occurring at the internal auditory meatus
7, 8
what nerves are involved in syndromes occurring at the jugular foramen
9, 10, 11
what nerves are involved ins syndromes occurring at the posterior lateral condylar space
9, 10, 11, 12
what nerves are involved with syndromes occurring at the retroparotid space
9, 10, 11, 12 and sympathetic chain
what does injury to the neck of the mandible endanger
facial and auriculotemporal ns
what does injury to the superior ramus of the mandible endanger
inferior alveolar and lingual ns
what results from elongation of the styloid process or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament
eagle syndrome
what nerve is endangered during parotidectomy
CN 7
what is the autonomic innervation of the parotid gland
CN 9
what provides sensory innervation to the parotid gland
CN 5
what is anisocoria
left-right asymmetry in the size of the pupils
what is the pupillary reflex in and out by
in by CN 2 and out by CN 3
what is the corneal reflex in and out by
in by CN 5 and out by CN 7
what is the tearing reflex in and out by
in by CN 5 and out by CN 7
what is the jaw-jerk reflex in and out by
in by CN 5 and out by CN 5
what is the blink to startle reflex in and out by
in by CN 2 and out by CN 7
what muscle of the larynx is NOT innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve
cricothyroid muscle
what provides sensory innervation to the larynx above the vocal folds
internal laryngeal nerve
what innervates the cricothyroid muscle
external laryngeal nerve
what does injury to the external laryngeal nerve result in
monotonous speech
what is an unsupported region along the posterior pharyngeal wall between the crico- and thyropharyngeus muscles
dehiscence of Killian
what is a pouch of pharyngeal mucosa that emerges through the jillian’s dehiscence
zenker’s diverticulum
what pharyngeal muscle is not innervated by CN 10
stylopharyngeus
what innervates the stylopharyngess
CN 9
what can enlargement of the palatine tonsils lead to
blockage of the oropharynx and results in dysphagia
what tonsils are commonly enlarged in children, leading to “mouth breathing”
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
what does surgical removal of the palatine tonsils endanger
external palatine vein, tonsillar artery, and CN 9
what spaces are infected with ludwig’s angina
submandibular, sublingual and submental spaces
what is the motor innervation to all glossal skeletal muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus
CN 7
what innervates the palatoglossus
CN 10
what provides general sensory to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
CN 5
what provides general sensory to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
CN 9
what provides special sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
CN 7
what provides special sensory to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
CN 9
what provides special sensory to the root of the tongue
CN 10
what provides autonomic innervation to the tongue
chords tympani (CN 7)
where does lymph from the tip of the tongue drain
bilaterally to submental nodes
where does the center of the body of the tongue drain lymph
inferior deep cervical nodes
where des the right and left portions of the body of the tongue drain lymph
ipsilateral submandibular nodes
what does the mastoid nodes drain
most of external ear, external meatus
what does the parotid nodes drain
middle ear and external meatus
what does the submandibular node drain
paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, tongue
where does submental nodes drain
tip of tongue, median part of oral cavity and central part of lower lip
what does the retropharyngeal nodes drain
auditory tube
where does all lymph of the head converge on
deep cervical nodes
what vein are the deep cervical nodes situated along
internal jugular vein
what lymph nodes are included in level 1
submental, submandibular
what is lymphadenopathy in level 1 associated with
disease of the oral cavity, upper respiratory infections, lymphomas, leukemia
what lymph nodes are included in level 2
superior deep cervical
what is lymphadenopathy in level 2 associated with
disease of oral cavity, pharynx
what lymph nodes are included in level 3
nodes along the middle 1/3 of the internal jugular
what lymph nodes are included in level 4
inferior deep cervical
what is lymphadenopathy in level 4 associated with
disease of oral cavity and larynx
what lymph nodes are included in level 5
posterior cervical and supraclavicular
what is lymphadenopathy in level 5 associated with
infections of posterior scalp (posterior cervical) and abdnominal/thoracic neoplasia, thyroid and laryngeal cancer (supraclavicular nodes)
what nodes are included in level 6
pre laryngeal and pretracheal
what nodes are included in level 7
superior mediastinal
where does the frontal sinus drain
middle meatus via frontonasal duct
what can infections in the posterior ethmoidal sinus affect (nerve)
optic nerve
where does the maxillary sinus drain
nasal cavity via hiatus semilunaris
what is the maxillary sinus intimately related to
maxillary molars and superior alveolar nerve
when is a subdural hemorrhage most common
shaken baby syndrome
what artery is damaged with epidural hemorrhage
middle meningeal artery
what is bleeding with a subarachnoid hemorrhage
arteries comprising the circle of willis
what are the symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis
headache, papilledema, diplopia/ophthalmoplegia, visual deficits, pupillary deficits, ptosis and/or meningitis
what will aneurysms arising from the internal carotid within the cavernous sinus first impact
CN 6
what is myopia
nearsightedness; focus of objects is in front of retina
what is hyperopia
farsightedness; focus of objects is behind the retina
what is opacity of the lens
cataract
where do the axons forming CN 2 exit the eye
optic disc
what is bulging of the optic disc from elevated intracranial pressure
papilledema
what is the central artery of the retina
termal artery arising from the ophthalmic artery
what causes tear production (nerve)
CN 7
what nerve is affected when there is inflammation of the lacrimal gland causing pain
CN 5
what is paralysis of the stapedius muscle resulting in increased perception of loudness
hyperacusis
what nerve is injured with hyperacusis
CN 7
