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Compiled PPS board reviewer > Growth, Development and Behavior > Flashcards

Growth, Development and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

The neonatal period begins at birth and include the _____.

A

1st mo. of life

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2
Q

Mothers whose early childhood wee marked by _____ may find it especially difficult to provide consistent, responsive care

A

traumatic separations
abuse
neglect

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3
Q

Prenatal Risk Factors for Attachment

A 
recent death of a loved one
previous loss of or serious illness of another child
prior removal of a child
depression or serious mental illness
infertility or pregnancy loss
troubled relationship with parents
financial stress or job loss
marital discord or poor relationship with other parent
recent move or no community ties
no friends or social network
unwanted pregnancy
no good parenting model
experience of poor parenting
drug and/or alcohol abuse
extreme immaturity
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4
Q

Returning to work should be delayed for at least _____ by which time feeding and basic behavioral adjustments have been established.

A

6 weeks

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5
Q

A _____ is a woman trained to offer friendly support and encouragement during labor whose presence results in shorter labor, fewer obstetric complications and reduced postpartum hospital days

A

doula

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6
Q

Postpartum depression may occur in the first _____ after delivery.

A

1 week - 6 mos.

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7
Q

Early skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth may correlate with an increased rate and longer duration of _____.

A

breastfeeding

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8
Q

Anthropometrics:

weight at birth

A
  1. 4 kg

7. 5 lbs

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9
Q

Anthropometrics:

length at birth

A

50 cm

20 in

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10
Q

Anthropometrics:

head circumference at birth

A

35 cm

14 in

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11
Q

Neonates are near-sighted with a focal length of _____, approximately the distance between the breast and the mother’s face.

A

8-12 in

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12
Q

A newborn’s hearing is well developed and there is preference for a _____.

A

female voice

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13
Q

Newborns have a visual preference for _____.

A

faces

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14
Q

Overaroused infants show signs of _____.

A

autonomic instability

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15
Q

6 Behavioral States of an Infant

A 
quiet sleep
active sleep
drowsy
alert
fussy
crying
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16
Q

The newborn’s first office visit should occur during the first _____.

A

2 weeks after discharge

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17
Q

For newborns who were discharged early, are breastfeeding and are at risk for jaundice, follow-up should be done _____.

A

1-3 days after discharge

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18
Q

Developmental Milestones of Newborns:

Gross Motor

A 
prone: arms and legs flexed, pelvis high
ventral suspension: head held below body
supine: arms/legs semi-flexed
pull to sit: complete head lag
held upright: legs extended
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19
Q

Developmental Milestones of Newborns:

Fine Motor

A

grasp reflex
drop object immediately
hands remain fisted
sweeping movements towards object

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20
Q

Developmental Milestones of Newborns:

Language

A

Expressive: crying, whimpering
Receptive: startledby loud sound

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21
Q

Developmental Milestones of Newborns:

Personal-Social

A

gazes at faces, colored objects and bright lights

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22
Q

Physiologic Weight Loss

A

↓10% BW in the 1st week

*excretion of excess extravascular fluid, limited nutritional intake

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23
Q

Infants regain or exceed their birth weight by _____.

A

2 weeks

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24
Q

Infants grow ______ during the 1st mo.

A

30 g/day

*fastest postnatal growth

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25
Q

Infants from 0-2 mos. can already differentiate among _____.

A

patterns
colors
consonants

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26
Q

Infants who are consistently picked up and held in response to distress_____ and show _____.

A

cry less at 1 y.o.

less aggressive behavior at 2 y.o.

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27
Q

Crying peaks at _____ then decreases to _____.

A 
6 weeks (3h/day)
≤ 1h at 3 mos.
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28
Q

The cerebellar white matter acquires myelin by 1 mo. and is completely myelinated by _____.

A

3 mos.

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29
Q

Myelination progresses from _____.

A

posterior to anterior

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30
Q

Physiologic changes in the first 2 mos. allow the establishment of _____.

A

feeding routines

predictable sleep-wake cycle

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31
Q

Neurologic maturation allows consolidation of sleep into _____ during the first 2 mos. of life.

A

5-6 hours/night

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32
Q

Infants at 2 mos. can discriminate rhythmic patterns in _____.

A

native vs. non-native language

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33
Q

_____ is present in 20% of infants < 2 mos. and although inmost it is a transient and normal behavioral activity, it is often associated with parental concern and distress.

A

Crying/Fussiness

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34
Q

At 2-6 mos. emergence of _____ and _____ mark the change in the parent-child relationship.

A

voluntary (social) smiles

increasing eye contact

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35
Q

Between 3-4 mos., rate of growth is _____.

A

20 g/day

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36
Q

By 4 mos. birthweight is _____.

A

doubled

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37
Q

Total sleep requirements at 2-6 mos. are approximately_____.

A

14-16 hours/day

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38
Q

By _____, the sleep EEG shows a mature pattern.

A

4-6 mos.

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39
Q

At 4 mos., infants are described as _____ socially, becoming interested in a wider world.

A

hatching

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40
Q

The first stage of personality development occurs during _____.

A

2-6 mos.

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41
Q

Motor maturation makes infants at _____ exciting and interactive.

A

3-6 mos.

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42
Q

At _____, infants develop will and intentions.

A

6-12 mos.

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43
Q

By the 1st birthday, birth weight has _____, length has increased by _____, and HC has increased by _____.

A

3x BW
↑50% length
+10 cm HC

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44
Q

Thumb-finger grasp develops at _____.

A

8-9 mos.

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45
Q

Pincer grasp develops at _____.

A

12 mos.

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46
Q

Tooth eruption occurs at _____ starting with the _____.

A

6-12 mos.

mandibular central incisors

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47
Q

Object permanence is achieved at _____.

A

9 mos.

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48
Q

Stranger anxiety usually develops with _____.

A

object permanence

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49
Q

The first true word appears in concert with an infant’s discovery of _____.

A

object permanence

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50
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

holds head steady while sitting

A

2 mos.

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51
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

pulls to sit with no head lag

A

3 mos.

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52
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

brings hands together in midline

A

3 mos.

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53
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

asymmetric tonic neck reflex gone

A

4 mos.

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54
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

sits without support

A

6 mos.

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55
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

rolls back to stomach

A

6.5 mos.

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56
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

walks alone

A

12 mos.

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57
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

runs

A

16 mos.

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58
Q

Developmental Implications:

holds head steady while sitting

A

allows more visual interaction

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59
Q

Developmental Implications:

pulls to sit with no head lag

A

muscle tone

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60
Q

Developmental Implications:

brings hands together in midline

A

self-discovery of hands

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61
Q

Developmental Implications:

asymmetric tonic neck reflex gone

A

can inspect hands in midline

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62
Q

Developmental Implications:

sits without support

A

increasing exploration

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63
Q

Developmental Implications:

rolls back to stomach

A

truncal flexion, risk of falls

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64
Q

Developmental Implications:

walks alone

A

exploration, control of proximity to parents

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65
Q

Developmental Implications:

runs

A

supervision more difficult

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66
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

grasps rattle

A

3.5 mos.

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67
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

reaches for objects

A

4 mos.

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68
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

palmar grasp gone

A

4 mos.

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69
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

transfers object hand to hand

A

5.5 mos.

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70
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

thumb-finger grasp

A

8 mos.

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71
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

turns pages of book

A

12 mos.

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72
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

scribbles

A

13 mos.

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73
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

builds tower of 2 cubes

A

15 mos.

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74
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

builds tower of 6 cubes

A

22 mos.

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75
Q

Developmental Implications:

grasps rattle

A

object use

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76
Q

Developmental Implications:

reaches for objects

A

visuomotor coordination

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77
Q

Developmental Implications:

palmar grasp gone

A

voluntary release

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78
Q

Developmental Implications:

transfers object hand to hand

A

comparison ofobjects

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79
Q

Developmental Implications:

thumb-finger grasp

A

able to explore small objects

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80
Q

Developmental Implications:

turns pages of book

A

increasing autonomy during book time

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81
Q

Developmental Implications:

scribbles

A

visual-motor coordination

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82
Q

Developmental Implications:

builds tower of 2 cubes

A

uses objects in combination

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83
Q

Developmental Implications:

builds tower of 6 cubes

A

requires visual, gross, and fine motor coordination

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84
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

smiles in response to face, voice

A

1.5 mos.

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85
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

monosyllabic babble

A

6 mos.

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86
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

inhibits to “no”

A

7 mos.

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87
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

follows one-step command with gesture

A

7 mos.

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88
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

follows one-step command without gesture

A

10 mos.

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89
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

says “mama” or “dada”

A

10 mos.

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90
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

points to objects

A

10 mos.

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91
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

speaks first real word

A

12 mos.

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92
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

speaks 4-6 words

A

15 mos.

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93
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

speaks 10-15 words

A

18 mos.

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94
Q

Communication and Language Milestones:

speaks 2-word sentences

A

19 mos.

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95
Q

Developmental Implications:

smiles in response to face, voice

A

more active social participant

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96
Q

Developmental Implications:

monosyllabic babble

A

experimentation with sound, tactile sense

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97
Q

Developmental Implications:

inhibits to “no”

A

response to tone (non-verbal)

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98
Q

Developmental Implications:

follows one-step command with gesture

A

non-verbal communication

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99
Q

Developmental Implications:

follows one-step command without gesture

A

verbal receptive language

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100
Q

Developmental Implications:

says “mama” or “dada”

A

expressive language

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101
Q

Developmental Implications:

points to objects

A

interactive communication

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102
Q

Developmental Implications:

speaks first real word

A

beginning of labeling

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103
Q

Developmental Implications:

speaks 4-6 words

A

acquisition of object and personal names

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104
Q

Developmental Implications:

speaks 10-15 words

A

acquisition of object and personal names

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105
Q

Developmental Implications:

speaks 2-word sentences

A

beginning grammatization, corresponds with 50-word vocabulary

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106
Q

Cognitive Milestones:

stares momentarily at spot where object disappeared

A

2 mos.

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107
Q

Cognitive Milestones:

stares at own hand

A

4 mos.

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108
Q

Cognitive Milestones:

bangs 2 cubes

A

8 mos.

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109
Q

Cognitive Milestones:

uncovers toy after seeing it hidden

A

8 mos.

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110
Q

Cognitive Milestones:

egocentric symbolic play

A

12 mos.

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111
Q

Cognitive Milestones:

uses stick to reach toy

A

17 mos.

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112
Q

Cognitive Milestones:

pretend play with doll

A

17 mos.

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113
Q

Developmental Implications:

stares momentarily at spot where object disappeared

A

lack of object permanence

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114
Q

Developmental Implications:

stares at own hand

A

self-discovery, cause and effect

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115
Q

Developmental Implications:

bangs 2 cubes

A

active comparison of objects

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116
Q

Developmental Implications:

uncovers toy after seeing it hidden

A

object permanence

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117
Q

Developmental Implications:

egocentric symbolic play

A

beginning symbolic thought

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118
Q

Developmental Implications:

uses stuck to reach toy

A

able to link actions to solve problems

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119
Q

Developmental Implications:

pretend play with doll

A

symbolic thought

120
Q

Most children begin to walk independently near their _____.

A

1st birthday

121
Q

Language develops in a sequence where _____.

A

receptive language precedes expressive language

122
Q

By ____, the average child points to major body parts and uses 4-6 words spontaneously and correctly.

A

15 mos.

123
Q

By 24 mos., children are about _____ of their ultimate adult height.

A

1/2

124
Q

90% of adult HC is achieved by _____.

A

2 y.o.

125
Q

Increased clinginess develops at _____ and a _____ may be used as a symbol of the absent parent.

A

18 mos.

transitional object

126
Q

Self-conscious awareness and internalized standards of behavior first appear at _____.

A

18-24 mos.

127
Q

The most dramatic development during 18-24 mos. is _____.

A

linguistic

128
Q

A child’s vocabulary balloons from _____ at 18 mos. to _____ at 2 y.o.

A

10-15 words - 18 mos.

50-100 - 2 y.o.

129
Q

Children start to understand 2-step commands at _____.

A

18-24 mos.

130
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

run, pivots, walk backwards

A

15 mos.

131
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

walk upstairs with rails

A

18 mos.

132
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

jump with both feet

A

24 mos.

133
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

jump forward, pedal tricycle

A

30 mos.

134
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

spontaneous scribbling

A

15 mos.

135
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

imitate stroke on paper

A

18 mos.

136
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

imitate vertical lines

A

24 mos.

137
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

draw circle with series of perseverating lines

A

30 mos.

138
Q

Languange Milestones:

two-word phrases, able to follow 2-step commands

A

24 mos.

139
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Prone - lies in flexed attitude, turns head from side to side, head sags on ventral suspension

A

neonate

140
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Supine - generally flexed and a little stiff

A

neonate

141
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Visual - may fixate face on light in line of vision, “doll’s eye”, movement of eyes on turning of the body

A

neonate

142
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Reflex - Moro response active, stepping and placing reflexes, grasp reflex active

A

neonate

143
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - visual preference for human face

A

neonate

144
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Prone - legs more extended, holds chin up, turns head, head lifted momentarily to plane of body on ventral suspension

A

1 mo.

145
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Supine - tonic neck posture predominates, supple and relaxed, head lags when pulled to sit

A

1 mo.

146
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Visual- watches person, follows moving object

A

1 mo.

147
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - body movements in cadence with voice of other in social contact, beginning to smile

A

1 mo.

148
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Prone - raises head slightly farther, head sustained in plae of body on ventral suspension

A

2 mos.

149
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Supine - tonic neck posture predominated, head lags when pulled to sit

A

2 mos.

150
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Visual - follows moving object 180 degrees

A

2 mos.

151
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - smiles on social contact, listens to voice and coos

A

2 mos.

152
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Prone - lifts head and chest with arms extended, head above plane of body on ventral suspension

A

3 mos.

153
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Supine -tonic neck posture predominated, reaches toward and missed objects, waves at tooy

A

3 mos.

154
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Sitting- head lag partially compensated when pulled to sit, early head control with bobbing motion, back rounded

A

3 mos.

155
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Reflex - typical Moro response has not persisted, makes defensive movements or selective withdrawal reactions

A

3 mos.

156
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - sustained social contact, listens to music, says “aah, ngah”

A

3 mos.

157
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Prone - lifts head and chest, with head in approximately vertical axis, legs extended

A

4 mos.

158
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Supine - symmetric posture predominated, hands midline, reaches and grasps objects and brings them to mouth

A

4 mos.

159
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Sitting - no head lag when pulled to sit, head steady, tipped forward, enjoys sitting with full truncal support

A

4 mos.

160
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Standing - when held erect, pushes with feet

A

4 mos.

161
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Adaptive - sees raisin, but makes no move to reach for it

A

4 mos.

162
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - laughs out loud, may show displeasure is social contact is broken, excited at sight of food

A

4 mos.

163
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Prone - rolls over, pivots, crawls, creep-crawls

A

7 mos.

164
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Supine - lifts head, rolls over, squirms

A

7 mos.

165
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Sitting - sits briefly, with support of pelvis, leans forward on hands, back rounded

A

7 mos.

166
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Standing - may support most of weight, bounces actuvely

A

7 mos.

167
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:
Adaptive - reaches out for and grasps largeobjects, transfers objects hand to hand, grasp uses radial palm, rakesat raisin

A

7 mos.

168
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Language - forms polysyllabic vowel sounds

A

7 mos.

169
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - prefers mother, babbles, enjoys mirror, responds to changes in emotional content of social contact

A

7 mos.

170
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Sitting - siits up alone and indefinitely without supportm back straight

A

10 mos.

171
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Standing - pulls to stand, cruises or walks holding on to furniture

A

10 mos.

172
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Motor - creeps or crawls

A

10 mos.

173
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:
Adaptive - grasps objects with thumb and forefinger, pokes at things with forefinger, picks up pellet with assisted pincer movement, uncovers hidden toy, attempts to retrieve dropped object, releases object grasped by other person

A

10 mos.

174
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Language - repetitive consonant sounds

A

10 mos.

175
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - responds to sound of name, plays peek-a-boo or pat-a-cake, waves bye-bye

A

10 mos.

176
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Motor - walks with one hand held, rises independently, takes several steps

A

1 y.o.

177
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:
Adaptive -picks up raisin with unassisted pincer movement of forefinger and thumb, releases object to other person on request or gesture

A

1 y.o.

178
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Language - says a few words besides “mama” or “dada”

A

1 y.o.

179
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - plays simple ball game, makes postural adjustment to dressing

A

1 y.o.

180
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Motor - walks alone, crawls up stairs

A

15 mos.

181
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Adaptive - makes tower of 3 cubes, makes line with crayon, inserts raisin in bottle

A

15 mos.

182
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Language - jargon, follows simple commands, may name a familiar object, responds to his-her name

A

15 mos.

183
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - indicates some desires or needs by pointing, hugs parents

A

15 mos.

184
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Motor - runs stiffly, sits on small chair, walks up stairs with hand heldm explores drawers and wastebaskets

A

18 mos.

185
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Adaptive - makes tower of 4 cubes, imitates scribbling, imitates vertical stroke, dumps raisin from bottle

A

18 mos.

186
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Language - 10 words, names pictures, identifies 1 or more parts of body

A

18 mos.

187
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social- feeds self, seeks help when in trouble, may complain when wt or soiled, kisses parent with pucker

A

18 mos.

188
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Motor - runs well, walks up and down stairs, 1 step at a time, opens doors, climbs furniture, jumps

A

24 mos.

189
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:
Adaptive - makes tower of 7 cubes, scribbles in circular pattern, imitates horizontal stroke, folds paper once imitatively

A

24 mos.

190
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Language - puts 3 words together (subject, verb, object)

A

24 mos.

191
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:
Social - handles spoon well, often tells about immediate experiences, helps undress, listens to stories when shown pictures

A

24 mos.

192
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Motor - goes up stairs alternating feet

A

30 mos.

193
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:
Adaptive - makes tower of 9 cubes, makes vertical and horizontal strokes, but generally will not join them to make cross, imitates circular stroke, forming closed figure

A

30 mos.

194
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Language - refers to self by pronoun “I”, knows full name

A

30 mos.

195
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - helps put things away, pretends in play

A

30 mos.

196
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Motor - rides tricycle, stands momentarily on 1 foot

A

36 mos.

197
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Adaptive - makes tower of 10 cubes, imitates construction of bridge of 3 cubes, copies circle, imitates cross

A

36 mos.

198
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:
Language - knows age and sex, counts 3 objects correctly, repeats 3 numbers or a sentence of 6 syllables, most of speech intelligible to strangers

A

36 mos.

199
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - plays simple games (parallel play), helps in dressing (unbuttons clothing, puts on shoes), washes hands

A

36 mos.

200
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Motor - hops on 1 foot, throws ball overhand, uses scissors to cut out pictures, clims well

A

48 mos.

201
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:
Adaptive - copies bridge from model, imitates construction of gate of 5 cubes, copies cross and square, draws man with 204 parts beside head, identifies longer of 2 lines

A

48 mos.

202
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Language - counts 4 pennies accurately, tells story

A

48 mos.

203
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - plays with several children, with beginning of social interaction and role-playing, goes to toilet alone

A

48 mos.

204
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Motor - skips

A

60 mos.

205
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Adaptive - draws triangle from copy, names heavier of 2 weights

A

60 mos.

206
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Language - names 4 colors, repeats sentence of 10 syllables, counts 10 pennies correctly

A

60 mos.

207
Q

Emerging Patterns of Behavior:

Social - dresses and undresses, asks questions about meaning of words, engages in domestic role-playing

A

60 mos.

208
Q

The critical milestones for 2-5 y.o. are _____.

A

emergence of language

expanding social sphere

209
Q

Birthweight quadruples by _____.

A

2 1/2 y.o.

210
Q

An average 4 y.o. weighs _____ and is _____ tall.

A

40 lbs.

40 in.

211
Q

Head circumference will grow an additional _____ between 3-18 years.

A

5 cm

212
Q

Handedness is established at _____.

A

3 years

213
Q

Bowel and bladder control emerges during _____.

A

preschool years (2-5 y.o.)

214
Q

Bedwetting is normal up to _____.

A

4 y.o. - girls

5 y.o. - boys

215
Q

At _____, the number of words in a typical sentence equals the child’s age

A

2-5 y.o.

216
Q

_____ with a child improves vocabulary and receptive language.

A

Reading aloud

217
Q

_____ of children will stutter but resolve in _____.

A

5%

80% by 8 y.o.

218
Q

Magical thinking, egocentrism and thinking that is dominated by perception are present during the

A

preschool years (2-5 y.o.)

219
Q

After _____, the child develops a concept of self as an individual (needs to feel whole).

A

2 y.o.

220
Q

TV and similar media should be limited to _____.

A

2 hrs/day

221
Q

At 2 y.o., behavioral limits are _____ and by 5 y.o., these controls need to be _____.

A

external - 2 y.o.

internal - 5 y.o.

222
Q

Tantrums lasting _____ or regularly occurring _____ may reflect underlying medical, emotional and social problem.

A

> 15 min.

> 3x/day

223
Q

During _____, curiosity about genitals and adult sexual organs is normal, as is masturbation.

A

preschool years (2-5 y.o.)

224
Q

Before the 2nd birthday, the child’s sense of right and wrong stems from _____.

A

the desire to earn approval from the parents

avoid negative consequences

225
Q

Discipline during the preschool years should be _____.

A

immediate
specific to the behavior
time-limited

226
Q

Time-out for approximately _____ of age is very effecive.

A

1 min./yr.

227
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

ride a tricycle

A

3 y.o.

228
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

hop

A

4 y.o.

229
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

skip

A

5 y.o.

230
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

draw a circle or a person with 2 body parts

A

3 y.o.

231
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

draw a cross

A

3.5-4 y.o.

232
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

draw a square

A

4-4.5 y.o.

233
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

draw a triangle

A

5 y.o.

234
Q

Language Milestones:

3-4 worded sentences, understands prepositions

A

3 y.o.

235
Q

Language Milestones:

complete sentences, understands concept of size

A

4 y.o.

236
Q

Language Milestones:

understands concept of time, follows 3-step commands

A

5 y.o.

237
Q

Personal-Social Milestones:

dress under supervision

A

3 y.o.

238
Q

Personal-Social Milestones:

dress independently/correctly

A

4 y.o.

239
Q

Personal-Social Milestones:

do simple errands, help in household chores

A

5 y.o.

240
Q

Self-esteem is a central issue during _____.

A

middle childhood (6-11 y.o.)

241
Q

Loss of deciduous (baby) teeth starts at _____.

A

6 y.o.

242
Q

Replacement with adult teeth occurs at a rate of _____

A

4 teeth/yr.

243
Q

Increasing independence is marked by the first _____.

A

sleepover

overnight camp

244
Q

By 5-6 y.o., children have developed a _____.

A

conscience

245
Q

Gross Motor Milestones:

climb, run

A

7 y.o.

246
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

copy letters, reverse some letters, draw a person with 12 parts

A

6 y.o.

247
Q

Fine Motor Milestones:

know right and left sides

A

7 y.o.

248
Q

Language Milestones:

verbalize emotions, follow 3-step command

A

6 y.o.

249
Q

Personal-Social Milestones:

dress up completely, tie shoe laces

A

6 y.o.

250
Q

Head circumference is determined by _____.

A

running a flexible tape measure from the supraorbital ridge to the occiput

251
Q

BMI Formula

A

weight in kg/(height in m)^2

252
Q

Mid-Parental Height Formula: Boys

A

[(maternal ht. + 13) + paternal ht.]/2

253
Q

Mid-Parental Height Formula: Girls

A

[maternal ht. + (paternal ht. - 13)]/2

254
Q

The diagnosis of failure to thrive is considered if a child’s weight is _____.

A

< 5th percentile
drops more than 2 percentile lines
weight for height is < 5th percentile

255
Q

_____ remains to be the single best growth chart indicator of acute undernutrition.

A

weight for height < 5th percentile

256
Q

Linear growth deficiency (stunting) is more likely to be due to _____ rather than nutritional deficiency.

A

congenital
constitutional
familial

257
Q

The ratio of the upper body segment divided by the lower body segment is _____.

A

1.7 - birth
1.3 - 3 y.o.
1 - 7 y.o.

258
Q

Skeletal maturation is linked more closely to _____ than to chronological age.

A

sexual maturity rating

259
Q

Puberty:

Timing of Growth Spurt - Males

A

mid-puberty (SMR 3-4)

11.5 y.o.

260
Q

Puberty:

Timing of Growth Spurt - Females

A 
early puberty (SMR 2-3)
10 y.o.
261
Q

Puberty:

Peak Height Velocity - Males

A

13.5 y.o.

262
Q

Puberty:

Peak Height Velocity - Females

A

11.5 y.o.

263
Q

Puberty:

Rate of Linear Growth - Males

A

9-10 cm/yr

264
Q

Puberty:

Rate of Linear Growth - Females

A

8-9 cm/yr

265
Q

Puberty:

Average Gain in Height - Males

A

28 cm

266
Q

Puberty:

Average Gain in Height - Females

A

25 cm

267
Q

Puberty:

Peak Weight Velocity - Males

A

occurs with peak height velocity

268
Q

Puberty:

Peak Weight Velocity - Females

A

6 mos. after peak height velocity

269
Q

Puberty:

Muscle Mass - Males

A

increases from 80 to 90% of body weight

270
Q

Puberty:

Muscle Mass - Females

A

decreases from 80 to 70% of body weight

271
Q

Rules of Thumb for Growth:

Weight

A

5-10% weight loss at 1st week
retrun or exceed BW at 7-10 days
double BW at 405 mos.
triple BW at 1 y.o.

272
Q

Rules of Thumb for Growth:

Daily Weight Gain

A

20-30 g/day - 3-4 mos.

15-20 g/day - 5-12 mos.

273
Q

Rules of Thumb for Growth:

Length/Height

A

20 in. - birth
30 in. - 1 y.o.
40 in. - 4 y.o.

274
Q

Rules of Thumb for Growth:

Head Circumference

A

35 cm - birth
2 cm/mo. x 3 mos.
1 cm/mo 4-12 mos.

275
Q

Estimated Weight - 0-6 mos.

A

mos. x 600 + BW g

276
Q

Estimated Weight - 6-12 mos.

A

300 + (mos.after 6 mos. x 500) + BW g

277
Q

Estimated Weight - 1-6 y.o.

A

years x 2 + 8 kg

278
Q

Estimated Weight - 7-12 y.o.

A

[(years x 7) - 5]/2

279
Q

Estimated Length - 0-3 mos.

A

birth length + 9 cm

280
Q

Estimated Length - 4-6 mos.

A

birth length + 9 cm + 8 cm

281
Q

Estimated Length - 7-9 mos.

A

birth length + 9 cm + 8 cm + 5 cm

282
Q

Estimated Length - 10-12 mos.

A

birth length + 9 cm + 8 cm + 5 cm + 3 cm

283
Q

Estimated Height - 2-12 y.o.

A

(years x 6) + 77 cm

284
Q

Developmental Milestones:

moves head side to side, regards face, alerts to bell

A

2 weeks

285
Q

Developmental Milestones:

lifts shoulder while prone, tracks past midline, smiles responsively, cooing,searches for sound with eyes

A

2 mos.

286
Q

Developmental Milestones:
lifts up on hands, rolls front to back, no head lag if pulled to sit, reaches for object, raking grasp, looks at hand, begins to work toward toy, laughs, squeals

A

4 mos.

287
Q

Developmental Milestones:

sits alone, transfers object hand to hand, feeds self, holds bottle, babbles

A

6 mos.

288
Q

Developmental Milestones:
pulls to stand, gets into sitting position, pincer grip, bangs 2 blocks, waves bye-bye, plays pat-a-cake, says “mama”/”dada” as non-specific 2-syllable sounds

A

9 mos.

289
Q

Developmental Milestones:
walks, stoops and stands, puts block in cup, drinks from cup, imitates others, says “mama”/”dada” as specific words, says 1-2 words

A

12 mos.

290
Q

Developmental Milestones:

walks backward, scribbles, stacks 2 blocks, uses spoon and fork,helps in housework, says 3-6 words, follows commands

A

15 mos.

291
Q

Developmental Milestones:

runs, stacks 4 blocks, kicks a ball, removes clothes, feeds doll, says 6 words

A

18 mos.

292
Q

Developmental Milestones:
walks up and down the stairs, throws overhand, stacks 6 blocks, copies line, washes and dries hands, brushes teeth, puts on clothes, puts 2 words together, points to pictures, knows body parts, understands concept of today

A

2 y.o.

293
Q

Developmental Milestones:
walks with alternating steps, broad jump, stacks 8 blocks, wiggles thumb, ues spoon well, pits on t-shirt, names pictures, speech understandable to stranger (75%), 3-word sentences, understands concept of tomorrow and yesterday

A

3 y.o.

294
Q

Developmental Milestones:
balances well, on each foot,hops on one foot, copies circle, draws person with 3 parts, brushes teeth without help, dresses without help, names colors, understands adjectives

A

4 y.o.

295
Q

Developmental Milestones:

skips, heel-to-toe walks, copies square, counts, understands opposites

A

5 y.o.

296
Q

Developmental Milestones:
balances on each foot for 6 sec., copies triangle, draws person with 6 parts, defines words, begins to understand right and left

A

6 y.o.

Compiled PPS board reviewer (60 decks)

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