Behavioral Disorders Flashcards
This neurodevelopmental process is crucial in helping children experience, understand, and manipulate their environments and is a vital mechanism for basic survival.
Sensory development
Of the motor movements, which is most relevant to daily life?
a. continuous
b. discrete
c. procedural
c. procedural movements
What are the three forms of neuromotor abilities?
fine motor
graphomotor
gross motor coordination
Relates to difficulty in developing an ideomotor plan and activating coordinated and integrated visual-motor actions to complete a task or solve a motor problem, such as assembling a model
DYSPRAXIA
The most critical cognitive function that humans develop
Language
Children with this language disorder may have difficulty understanding verbal information, following instructions and explanations, and interpreting what they hear
Receptive language dysfunction
- Expressive language weaknesses can result from problems with speech as well as language.
term used to describe the cognitive mechanism by which information is acquired, retained, and recalled
Memory
The period of time (typically seconds) during which information is being held and/or manipulated for registration, and ultimately encoded, consolidated, and retained
Working Memory
Also termed immediate or short-term memory
Ability to hold, manipulate, and store information for short periods
The process by which information in STM is transferred into long-term memory (LTM)
Consolidation and storage
consolidation in LTM is accomplished in one or more of four ways: 1. pairing two bits of information (such as a group of letters and the English sound it represents)
- storing procedures (consolidating new skills, such as the steps in solving mathematics problems)
- classifying data in categories (filing all insects together in memory)
- linking new information to established rules, patterns, or systems of organization (rule-based learning).
The capacity to learn from a single point in time forward
a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memory
a. Anterograde memory
Subconscious recall: no awareness that the memory system is being activated
a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memor
D. implicit memory
Conscious awareness of recall
a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memor
C. explicit memory
Memory for how to do things
a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memory
E. procedural memory
Remembering to remember
a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memory
F. prospective memory
Capacity to recall information that was already learned
a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memory
B. retrograde memory
Subdomains of attention
Selective attention - ability to focus attention to a particular stimulus and to discriminate relevant from irrelevant information
Divided attention - the ability to orient to more than one stimulus at a given time
Sustained attention - the ability to maintain one’s focus
Alternating attention - the capacity to shift focus between stimuli
An umbrella term used to describe specific cognitive processes involved in regulating, guiding, organizing, and monitoring of one’s thoughts and actions to achieve a specific goal
Executive functioning
What are diagonitic criteria for ADHD?
Either 1 or 2
- 6 (or more) of 9 symptoms of inattention, persisting for >= 6 mos
- 6 (or more) of 9 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, persisting for >= 6 mos
PLUS
Symptoms existed before age 7 yrs
Present in 2 or more settings
Evidence of significant impairment in social, academic, occupational functioning
Not occuring exclusively during the course of a PDD, schizophrenia or psychotic disorder
What are the criteria for intellectual disability?
significantly subaverage intellectual function
significant impairments in adaptive function
onset before 18 years of age
What are the three symptom domains of autistic spectrum disorder?
- social interaction
- communication
- developmentally appropriate behavior, interests, or activities
Hallmarks of Autistic Disorder (2)
- Aberrant development of social skills
* Impaired ability to engage in reciprocal social interactions
Diagnostic criteria for Autistic Disorder
At least 6 items from all symptom domains
- Social Interaction (at least 2)
- Communication (at least 1)
- Stereotyped patterns of behavior (at least 1)
Delays or abnormal functioning in at least one of the following areas, with onset prior to age 3 years: (1) social interaction, (2) language as used in social communication, or (3) symbolic or imaginative play.
Not better accounted for by Rett’s Disorder or Childhood Disintegrative Disorder.
Gold standard diagnostic tools for Autistic Disorder
Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (ADI-R)
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
Medical conditions associated with Autistic Disorder
Seizures
Sensory deficits (visual/hearing impairment)
Others:
fragile-X, Prader-Willi, Smith-Lemli-Opitz, Rett’s, and Angelman’s syndromes, fetal alcohol syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, congenital rubella, or untreated phenylketonuria
20% of children with AD have macrocephaly
True or False?
True
enlarged head size might not be apparent until after the 2nd yr of life
In the absence of dysmorphic features or focal neurologic signs, additional neuroimaging for investigation of macrocephaly is not usually indicated
Children with AD show an abnormally rapid increase in head circumference from 6-14 mo of age, increased brain volume in 2-4 yr olds, increased volume of the cerebellum, cerebrum, and amygdala, and marked abnormal growth in the frontal, temporal, cerebellar, and limbic regions of the brain
Male:Female ratio of Autistic Disorder
4:1
Male:Female ratio of Asperger Disorder
5:1
Early signs of PDD
unusual use of language or loss of language skills nonfunctional rituals inability to adapt to new settings lack of imitation absence of imaginary play
Diagnostic criteria for Asperger Disorder
Impairment in social interaction (at least 2)
Stereotyped patterns of behavior (at least 1)
Significant impairment in impt areas of functioning
No significant language delay
No clinically significant delay in cognitive development
Criteria not met by another PDD or schizophrenia
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What are the core neurodevelopmental domains?
Sensory and Motor Development Language Visual-Spatial and perceptual functioning Memory Attention Executive Functioning Intellectual Function Social Cognition
