Behavioral Disorders

Question 1

This neurodevelopmental process is crucial in helping children experience, understand, and manipulate their environments and is a vital mechanism for basic survival.

Answer 1

Sensory development

Question 2

Of the motor movements, which is most relevant to daily life?

a. continuous
b. discrete
c. procedural

Answer 2

c. procedural movements

Question 3

What are the three forms of neuromotor abilities?

Answer 3

fine motor
graphomotor
gross motor coordination

Question 4

Relates to difficulty in developing an ideomotor plan and activating coordinated and integrated visual-motor actions to complete a task or solve a motor problem, such as assembling a model

Answer 4

DYSPRAXIA

Question 5

The most critical cognitive function that humans develop

Answer 5

Language

Question 6

Children with this language disorder may have difficulty understanding verbal information, following instructions and explanations, and interpreting what they hear

Answer 6

Receptive language dysfunction

• Expressive language weaknesses can result from problems with speech as well as language.

Question 7

term used to describe the cognitive mechanism by which information is acquired, retained, and recalled

Answer 7

Memory

Question 8

The period of time (typically seconds) during which information is being held and/or manipulated for registration, and ultimately encoded, consolidated, and retained

Answer 8

Working Memory

Also termed immediate or short-term memory

Ability to hold, manipulate, and store information for short periods

Question 9

The process by which information in STM is transferred into long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 9

Consolidation and storage

consolidation in LTM is accomplished in one or more of four ways: 1. pairing two bits of information (such as a group of letters and the English sound it represents)

2. storing procedures (consolidating new skills, such as the steps in solving mathematics problems)
3. classifying data in categories (filing all insects together in memory)
4. linking new information to established rules, patterns, or systems of organization (rule-based learning).

Question 10

The capacity to learn from a single point in time forward

a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memory

Answer 10

a. Anterograde memory

Question 11

Subconscious recall: no awareness that the memory system is being activated

a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memor

Answer 11

D. implicit memory

Question 12

Conscious awareness of recall

a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memor

Answer 12

C. explicit memory

Question 13

Memory for how to do things

a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memory

Answer 13

E. procedural memory

Question 14

Remembering to remember

a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memory

Answer 14

F. prospective memory

Question 15

Capacity to recall information that was already learned

a. anterograde memory
b. retrograde memory
c. explicit memory
d. implicit memory
e. procedural memory
f. prospective memory

Answer 15

B. retrograde memory

Question 16

Subdomains of attention

Answer 16

Selective attention - ability to focus attention to a particular stimulus and to discriminate relevant from irrelevant information

Divided attention - the ability to orient to more than one stimulus at a given time

Sustained attention - the ability to maintain one’s focus

Alternating attention - the capacity to shift focus between stimuli

Question 17

An umbrella term used to describe specific cognitive processes involved in regulating, guiding, organizing, and monitoring of one’s thoughts and actions to achieve a specific goal

Answer 17

Executive functioning

Question 18

What are diagonitic criteria for ADHD?

Answer 18

Either 1 or 2

1. 6 (or more) of 9 symptoms of inattention, persisting for >= 6 mos
2. 6 (or more) of 9 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, persisting for >= 6 mos

PLUS
Symptoms existed before age 7 yrs
Present in 2 or more settings
Evidence of significant impairment in social, academic, occupational functioning
Not occuring exclusively during the course of a PDD, schizophrenia or psychotic disorder

Question 19

What are the criteria for intellectual disability?

Answer 19

significantly subaverage intellectual function

significant impairments in adaptive function

onset before 18 years of age

Question 20

What are the three symptom domains of autistic spectrum disorder?

Answer 20

1. social interaction
2. communication
3. developmentally appropriate behavior, interests, or activities

Question 21

Hallmarks of Autistic Disorder (2)

Answer 21

• Aberrant development of social skills

* Impaired ability to engage in reciprocal social interactions

Question 22

Diagnostic criteria for Autistic Disorder

Answer 22

At least 6 items from all symptom domains

1. Social Interaction (at least 2)
2. Communication (at least 1)
3. Stereotyped patterns of behavior (at least 1)

Delays or abnormal functioning in at least one of the following areas, with onset prior to age 3 years: (1) social interaction, (2) language as used in social communication, or (3) symbolic or imaginative play.

Not better accounted for by Rett’s Disorder or Childhood Disintegrative Disorder.

Question 23

Gold standard diagnostic tools for Autistic Disorder

Answer 23

Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (ADI-R)

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)

Question 24

Medical conditions associated with Autistic Disorder

Answer 24

Seizures
Sensory deficits (visual/hearing impairment)
Others:
fragile-X, Prader-Willi, Smith-Lemli-Opitz, Rett’s, and Angelman’s syndromes, fetal alcohol syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, congenital rubella, or untreated phenylketonuria

Question 25

20% of children with AD have macrocephaly

True or False?

Answer 25

True

enlarged head size might not be apparent until after the 2nd yr of life

In the absence of dysmorphic features or focal neurologic signs, additional neuroimaging for investigation of macrocephaly is not usually indicated

Children with AD show an abnormally rapid increase in head circumference from 6-14 mo of age, increased brain volume in 2-4 yr olds, increased volume of the cerebellum, cerebrum, and amygdala, and marked abnormal growth in the frontal, temporal, cerebellar, and limbic regions of the brain

Question 26

Male:Female ratio of Autistic Disorder

Answer 26

4:1

Question 27

Male:Female ratio of Asperger Disorder

Answer 27

5:1

Question 28

Early signs of PDD

Answer 28

unusual use of language or loss of language skills
nonfunctional rituals
inability to adapt to new settings
lack of imitation
absence of imaginary play

Question 29

Diagnostic criteria for Asperger Disorder

Answer 29

Impairment in social interaction (at least 2)
Stereotyped patterns of behavior (at least 1)
Significant impairment in impt areas of functioning
No significant language delay
No clinically significant delay in cognitive development
Criteria not met by another PDD or schizophrenia

Question 30

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Answer 30

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Question 31

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Answer 31

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Question 32

What are the core neurodevelopmental domains?

Answer 32

Sensory and Motor Development
Language
Visual-Spatial and perceptual functioning
Memory
Attention
Executive Functioning
Intellectual Function
Social Cognition