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Grammar Verbs 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

present simple
Some irregular verbs have changes relating to consonants

List some verbs that have an unexpected g in the yo form but other forms are normal

A 
caigo
hago
pongo
salgo
traigo
valgo
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2
Q

present simple
Some irregular verbs have changes relating to consonants

List some verbs that have an unexpected first person and the rest is conjugated like an –ar verb

A

Voy

Doy

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3
Q

present simple
Some irregular verbs have changes relating to consonants

What do -uir verbs do?
CONSTRUIR

A

-uir (not –guir) add y after the u in all forms except nosotros and vosotros

Construyo
Construyes
Construye
Construimos
Construís
Construyen
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4
Q

present simple
Some irregular verbs have changes relating to consonants

what happens to the g in -ger and -gir?
ESCOGER

A

changes the g to j before o and a (only in yo form in present tense)

Escojo
Escoges
Escoge
Escogemos
Escogéis
Escogen
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5
Q

present simple
Some irregular verbs have changes relating to consonants

what happens to -gu in -guir before o and a
DISTINGUIR

A

-guir changes the gu to g before o and a (only in the yo form in present tense)

Distingo
Distingues
Distinguee
Distinguimos
Distinguís
Distinguen
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6
Q

Present simple

seguir

A

Sigo; segues; sigue; seguimos; seguís; siguen

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7
Q

present simple
Some irregular verbs have changes relating to consonants

-cer and -cir change what?
CONVENCER

A

the c changes to z before o and a (only in yo in the present tense)

Convenzo
Convences
Convence
Convencemos
Convencéis
Convencen
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8
Q

Present simple
Some irregular verbs change both vowels and consonants

DECIR

A 
Digo
Dices
Dice
Decimos
Decís
Dicen
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9
Q

Present simple
Some irregular verbs change both vowels and consonants

OÍR

A 
Oigo
Oyes
Oye
Oímoms
Oís
Oyen
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10
Q

Present simple
Some irregular verbs change both vowels and consonants

TENER

A 
tengo
tienes
tiene
tenemos
tenéis
tienen
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11
Q

Present simple
Some irregular verbs change both vowels and consonants

VENIR

A 
vengo
vienes
viene
venemos
venéis
vienen
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12
Q

Give an example of the present progressive?

A

Me estoy afeitando

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13
Q

What tense is used As an alternative to the present simple when the action is in progress at the time referred to

A

Present progressive

-¿Qué estás hacienda ahí?

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14
Q

Give an example of the future simple

A

Cantaré

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15
Q

what tense is used Both for immediate and distant futures

A

future simple

Esquiaré en los Pirineos.

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16
Q

What tense is used For future events that are not pre-scheduled or fixtures

A

future simple
Algún día se casará con ella
Ya te cansarás
Para entonces yo ya no estaré aquí

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17
Q

What tense is used For approximations, guesses and suppositions

A

Future simple

Miguel tendrá unos cincuenta años
Estará durmiendo a estas horas
Ahora mismo serás las ocho

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18
Q

what tense is used In questions, to express wonder or amazement

A

Future simple

¿Qué habrá sido de él?
¿Quién será éste?

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19
Q

what tense Could be understood as orders, warnings or threats (often condescending)

A

future simple

comparás

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20
Q

what tense is used For probability

A

Future simple
¿Cuál es el lugar más seco del planeta?
No sé, será el desietro de Atacama.

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21
Q

List some common words relating to the future simple

A 
Manaña
El próximo mes
El próximo noviembre
Un día
Manaña
El próximo mes
El próximo noviembre
Un día
La próxima vez
La próxima semana
El próximo año
El próximo finde
En dos semanas
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22
Q

How do you form the future simple?

A

stem
trabajar-
ser-
vivir-

\+
endings
é
ás
á
emos
éis
án
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23
Q

Future simple

TENER

A

tendr-

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24
Q

Future simple

PODER

A

podr-

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25
Q

future simple

PONER

A

ponder-

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26
Q

future simple

HABER

A

hair-

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27
Q

future simple

SABER

A

sabr-

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28
Q

future simple

SALIR

A

saldr-

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29
Q

future simple

VENIR

A

vends-

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30
Q

future simple

HACER

A

har-

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31
Q

future simple

DECIR

A

dir-

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32
Q

future simple

QUERER

A

querr-

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33
Q

future simple

VALER

A

valdr-

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34
Q

future simple

CABER

A

car-

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35
Q

future simple

hay

A

habrá

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36
Q 
future simple
what happens to -ir verbs that have an accent mark in the infinitive?
oír
reír
sonreír
A

oiré
reiré
sonreiré

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37
Q

How do you express probability in the present?

A

(1) Use the verbs estar, haber, ser and tender in the future simple

  • ¿Qué hora es?
  • Serán las ocho (It’s probably eight)
  • ¿Quién tendrá las llaves?
  • Las tendrá Mario (Maria probably has them)

(2) Use deber de + infinitive

  • ¿Qué hora es?
  • Deben de ser las ocho
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38
Q

Give an example of an alternative future tense

A

Voy a ir al cine

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39
Q

how do you construct the alternative future tense?

A

ir + a + infinitive

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40
Q

Give an example of the future perfect

A

habré cantado

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41
Q

what tense is used to talk about something that will have been completed at a certain point in the future. A future action before another future action

A

future perfect

Habré terminado mi trabajo para diciembre
Ya habrá pedido cuando yo llegue
Usted habrá estudiado español por tres años este mayo
El domingo él ya habré llegado
En dos meses habremos terminado el trabajo

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42
Q

what tense is used to indicate probability in a past time

A

future perfect

¿Dónde está Paco? –Él habrá ido a otro café.
Ellos habrán tenido hambre para la noche.
Habrá salido de Atlanta.
Habrá pasado algo / probablemente pasó algo / probablemente ha pasado algo

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43
Q

what tense is used to indicate what might have or could have happened.

A

Se habrá caído de la bicicleta.

Habrá tenido una avería.

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44
Q

How do you construct the future perfect?

A 
HABER
Habré
Habrás
Habrá
Habremos
Habréis
habrán
\+
participle
Hablado
Aprendido
vivido
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45
Q

Give an example of the conditional simple

A

cantaría

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46
Q

what tense is used As the subordinate clause after the main verbs of communication (e.g. decir) or knowledge / belief (e.g. saber, creer)

A

conditional simple

Juan dice que irá > Juan dijo que iría.
Sé que llamarán > Sabía que llamarían

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47
Q

what tense is used As the main clause of a sentence that has the imperfect subjunctive in the si clause

A

conditional simple

Si Elena saliera, yo saldría también.

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48
Q

what tense is used To express probability about the past (generally with estar, haber, ser, tener)

A

conditional simple

Aquella semana la habríamos visto más de cinco veces
Pesaría unos cien kilos

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49
Q

What tense is used With poder, querer to make polite requests or express polite wishes

A

conditional simple

¿Podría usted abrir la ventana un poquito?
Querría terminarlo antes de las ocho

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50
Q

What tense is used To express the future in the past

A

conditional simple

Aquel día empezó la que sería su última
Yo sabía que no me devolvería el dinero

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51
Q

how do you construct the conditional simple

A

stem
trabajar-
ser-
vivir-

\+
endings
ía
ías
ía
íamos
íais
ían
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52
Q

conditional simple

irregular endings

A

if it’s irregular in the future tense it’s the same in the conditional

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53
Q

conditional simple

hay

A

habría

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54
Q

Give an example of the conditional perfect

A

habría cantado

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55
Q

what tense is used To designate an action or event that would have been completed in the past or when there is a real or implied condition

A

conditional perfect

Yo no lo habría dicho
(I wouldn’t have done it)
Nosotros nos habríamos quedado más tiempo
(We probably would have stayed longer)

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56
Q

What tense is used To express probability in past time (corresponding to past perfect + probably)

A

conditional perfect

Ya sa habría ido, me imagino
He had probably left, I image

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57
Q

how do you construct the conditional perfect?

A 
HABER 
Habría
Habrías
Habría
Habríamos
Habrías
habrían
\+
participle
Hablado
Aprendido
vivido
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58
Q

How do you construct the conditional when you are referring to a possible condition

If you go, I will go too

A

Si clause: present
Main clause: future

Si vas, yo iré tambien

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59
Q

How do you construct the conditional when the condition is contrary to fact in the present time?

If you were going, I would go too

A

Si clause: imperfect subjunctive
main clause: present conditional

Si fueras, yo iría tambien

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60
Q

How do you construct the conditional when the condition is contrary to fact in the past?

If you had gone, I would have gone too

A

Si clause: Past perfect subjunctive
main clause: conditional perfect or perfect subjunctive

Si hubieras ido, yo habría / hubiera ido tambien

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61
Q

X is used after como si (as if) to express an action contemporaneous with the action of the main clause

A

imperfect subjunctive

Él habla como si fuera profesor.
He speaks as if he were a teacher.
Se abrazarán como si no estuvieran enfadados.
They will hug each other as if they weren’t angry
Actúa como si quisieras estar con ellos.
Act as if you wanted to be with them.
Entraron como si tuvieran miedo.
They came in as if they were afraid.

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62
Q

X is used after como si (as if) to express an action that occurred prior to the action of the main clause

A

pluperfect subjunctive

Trabajan como si no hubieran entendido las instrucciones.
They were working as if they hadn’t understood the instructions.
Contestó como si no hubiera leído el libro.
He answered as if he hadn’t read the book.
Él no aconseja como si hubiera estudiado derecho.
He advises us as if he had studied law.

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63
Q

What happens when the sentence structure has
• Has two distinct clauses
• The clauses are joined by que
• There are two different subjects heading each clause

A

subjunctive!

Ella quiere que yo hable frances.
Yo espero que tú me llames más tarde.
Felipe prefiere que nosotros comamos ahora.
Javier duda que (tú) tengas dinero.
Julia teme que sus padres no comprendan su problema.

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64
Q

What happens when the sentence structure has

  • more than one verb
  • one subject
A

indicative

(Yo) quiero dormir.
Antonio prefiere ver otra pelicula.

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65
Q

When can the impersonal trigger the subjunctive?

A

(1) ser + adverb + que + subjunctive
es importante que tú estudies esta find de semana
(2) ojalá (que)
ojalá que ellos lleguen temprano
(3) se
se pide a los invitados que ellos confirmen su asistencia.

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66
Q

If the verb in the main clause is in the past tense of the indicative, then it triggers the subjunctive in the X

A

past tense
• Julio espera que su equipo gane el partido > Julio esperaba que su equipo ganara el partido.
• Mi madre insiste en que lleguemos antes de las 11:00 > Mi madre insistía en que llegáramos antes de las 11:00
• Es imposible que vayamos hoy > Era imposible que fuéramos.

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67
Q

Explain the indicative

A

Use of the indicative mood indicates that speakers mean to designate actions, persons, places, objects, ideas., etc, as:
• Part of their real, lived experience
• Completed or habitual
• Real and definite

The indicative coincides with narrations and descriptions of real, lived experience and direct knowledge and assertions of fact, truth, objectivity and certainty.

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68
Q

Explain the subjunctive

A 
Use of the subjunctive mood indicates that speakers mean to designate actions or the characteristics of persons, places, objects, or ideas as being:
•	Unrealised (having not yet occurred)
•	Hypothetical, uncertain, unlikely
•	Subjective
•	Indefinite or non-existent

The subjunctive is a means of signalling that such things fall beyond the scope of reality as far as the speaker personally knows and has experienced it.

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69
Q

What can trigger the subjunctive?

A

(1) verbs of will, influence and persuasion (i.e. volition)
(2) verbs / impersonal expressions of doubt, uncertainty, denial
(3) emotional or subjective judgements
(4) adjective phrases that modify indefinite nouns or adjectives used to rule out
(5) adverbial conjunctions that always require the subjunctive
(6) adverbial conjunctions of time that sometimes take the subjunctive when introducing a future specific action
(7) other adverbial conjunctions referring to specific, unrealisable actions

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70
Q

name any of the verbs of will, influence and persuasion (ie volition) that trigger the subjunctive

A

Quiero que tú hagas la cama.
¿Necesitas que pasemos por ti?
Julio prefiere que María lave la ropa.
Espero que vengas a verme.
Mis padres sugieren que estudie medicina.
Les pedimos a los turistas que no saquen fotos.
El professor siempre les dice a los alumnus que estudien.
Mi jefe insiste en que lleguemos temprano.

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71
Q

name any of the verbs of doubt, uncertainty or denial that trigger the subjunctive

A

Dudo que ganemos el partido.
Juan niega que el tratemiento sea necesario.
Paco no cree que Laura lo quiera.
Laura no piensa que Paco esté interesado en ella.
No estamos seguros de que ellos aprecien el esfuerzo que hacemos.

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72
Q

list any of the impersonal expressions of doubt, uncertainty or denial that trigger the subjunctive

A

Es imposible que no sepas la letra de esa canción.
Es possible que tengamos que abandoner el proyecto.
Es probable que los clientes rechacen la propuesta.
Es increíble que ese ejecutivo gane tanto dinero.
No es cierto que ella trabaje tantas horas.

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73
Q

list any of the emotional or subjective judgements that trigger the subjunctive

A

A Hans le gusta que Ana aprenda alemán.
No me gusta que cambies el canal cuando estoy viendo el partido.
Mi tía se alegra de que la visitemos todos los veranos.
Mi colega tema que nuestro jefe lo despida.
¿Te sorprende que todos sepan que te casaste?
Nos preocupa que Jaime pierda su dinero en el casino.

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74
Q

list any of the impersonal subjective expressions that trigger the subjunctive

A

Es mejor que nos callemos.
Es bueno que tengas tanto interés en el medio ambiente.
Es triste que ya no pasemos tanto tiempo juntos.
Es lamentable que no puedas viajar con nosotros.

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75
Q

what is meant by @adjective phrases that modify indefinite nouns trigger the subjunctive@

A

Things out there that we don’t know if they exist or not.

Necesitamos un carro que tenga un maletero grande.
Buscamos un barrio que no esté muy lejos del metro.
Procuro un apartamento que tenga dos habitaciones.
Queremos viajar a un destino que sea remote y exótico.
Tenemos que contratar a un vendedor que hable francés.
¿Hay alguien aquí que sepa bailar salsa?

In the indicative it would refer to definite nouns:
Mis padres compraron un coche que tiene cuatro puertas.
Encontré un apartamento que está cerca del centro.
Mi hermano tiene una amiga que habla italiano.

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76
Q

Give some examples of adjectives “used to rule out” that trigger the subjunctive

A

No hay nadie que cante mejor que Ana Lucía.
No hay nada más que podamos hacer por él.
No hay ningún hotel que tenga un carto libre.

77
Q

What are the adverbial conjunctions that always require the subjunctive

A

(1) Para que (so that, in order for)
Voy a comprar ese libro para que estudiemos inglés.
(2) A fin de que (so that, in order for)
(3) A menos que (unless)
Podemos almorzar con Viviana a menos que tenga que trabajar.
(4) Antes de que (before)
Tenemos que limpiar la casa antes de que lleguen mis padres.
(5) Sin que (without)
No te vayas sin que me despida de ti.
(6) En caso de que (in the event that)
Llámenme en caso de que necesiten un lugar donde quedarse.
(7) Con tal de que (as long as)
Podemos ver un video con tal de que yo escoja la película.

78
Q

what are the Adverbial conjunctions of time that sometimes take subjunctive when introducing a future specific action

A

(1) Cuando (when)
Llámenme cuando tengan más información, por favour.
(2) Después de que (after)
¿Vamos a almorzar después de que termine la clase?
(3) Hasta que (until)
Alicia tiene que cuidar a su sobrina hasta que sutía regrese.
(4) Mientras (while, as long as)
Ellos van a esperar a su madre mietras haga las compras.
(5) En cuanto (as soon as)
Mientras trabajes aquí debes complir todas las normas.
(6) Tan pronto como (as soon as)
Voy a salir en cuanto llegue mi hermano

The indicative mood would be used if it described a habitual or completed action:
Nuna me acuesto temprano cuando estoy de vacaciones.

79
Q

What are the other adverbial conjunctions referring to specific, unrealisable actions that can trigger the subjunctive?

A

(1) aunque (although, even though, even if)
Vamos a comer en el parquet aunque llueva.
(2) de modo que (in such a way that)
Quiero explicarles esto de modo que lo comprendan.
(3) como (if, however, like – used in Spain to introduce subjunctive)
Hare la tarea como el professor diga.

In the indicative mood these would refer to habitual or completed actions:
Aunque sale a tiempo Rodrigo siempre llega tarde.

80
Q

The present subjunctive includes X and X.

A

The present subjunctive includes both the present and the future. Context tells which is meant e.g. Le disgusta que su hijo esté de viaje hoy / Le disgusta que su hijo esté de viaje mañana

81
Q

Present subjunctive

Quiere que ESTUDIAR idiomas

A 
Quiere que estudie idiomas
Quiere que estudies idiomas
Quiere que estudie idiomas
Quiere que estudiemos idiomas
Quiere que estudiéis idiomas
Quiere que estudien idiomas
82
Q

Present subjunctive

Espera que COMPRENDER

A 
Espera que comprenda
Espera que comprendas
Espera que comprenda
Espera que comprendamos
Espera que comprendáis
Espera que comprendan
83
Q

Present subjunctive

Prefieren que VIVIR aquí

A 
Prefieren que viva aquí
Prefieren que vivas aquí
Prefieren que viva aquí
Prefieren que vivamos aquí
Prefieren que viváis aquí
Prefieren que vivan aquí
84
Q

Present subjunctive

-ar and -er verbs that have changes in the vowel of the stem in the present indicative …

A 
... have these same changes in the present subjunctive
Le aconsejan que piense más.
Nos aconsejan que pensemos más.
Espera que yo encuentre las llaves.
Espera que encontrmos las lleves.
85
Q

present subjunctive

-ir verbs that have the e>ie, e > I or o>ue change in the present indicative …

SENTR

A

… have the same changes in the present subjunctive. However, unlike the present indicative, these verbs also have the e>i or o>u stem change in the nosotros / nosotras and vosotros / vosotras forms in the present subjunctive.

Sienta
Sientas
Sienta
Sintamos
Sintáis
Sientan
86
Q

Present subjunctive

verbs ending in -iar or -uar have …

enviar

A

an accent mark on the -i- or the -u- in the present indicative in all forms except nosotros / nosotras and vosotros / vosotras have an accent mark in the same persons of the present subjunctive.

Envíe
Envíes
Envíe
Enviemos
Enviéis
Envíen
87
Q

present subjunctive

Verbs that have an irregularity such as -g- in the yo form of the present indicative …

A

… have that irregularity in all persons of the present subjunctive. These irregularities occur only in -er and -ir verbs and therefore the present subjunctive endings of these irregular verbs all have the vowel -a-.

88
Q

Present subjunctive

CAER

A 
Caiga
Caigas
Caiga
Caigamos
Caigáis
Caigan
89
Q

Present subjunctive

DECIR

A 
Diga
Digas
Diga
Digamos
Digáis
Digan
90
Q

Present subjunctive

HACER

A 
Haga
Hagas
Haga
Hagamos
Hagáis
Hagan
91
Q

Present subjunctive

OÍR

A 
Oiga
Oigas
Oiga
Oigamos
Oigáis
Oigan
92
Q

Present subjunctive

PONER

A 
Ponga
Pongas
Ponga
Pongamos
Pongáis
Pongan
93
Q

Present subjuncgive

SALIR

A 
Salga
Salgas
Salga
Salgamos
Salgáis
Salgan
94
Q

Present subjunctive

TENER

A 
Tenga
Tengas
Tenga
Tengamos
Tengáis
Tengan
95
Q

Present subjunctive

TRAER

A 
Traiga
Traigas
Traiga
Traigamos
Traigáis
Traigan
96
Q

Present subjunctive

VENIR

A 
Venga
Vengas
Venga
Vengamos
Vengáis
vengan
97
Q

Present subjunctive

Verbs that have an irregularity such as -zc- in the yo form of the present indicative …

A

have that irregularity in all persons of the present subjunctive. These irregularities occur only in -er and -ir verbs and therefore the present subjunctive endings of these irregular verbs all have the vowel -a-.

98
Q

Present subjunctive

CABER

A 
Quepa
Quepas
Quepa
Quepamos
Quepáis
Quepan
99
Q

Present subjunctive

CONOCER

A 
Conozca
Conozcas
Conozca
Conozcamos
Conozcáis
Conozcan
100
Q

Present subjunctive

NACER

A 
Nazca
Nazcas
Nazca
nazcamos
Nazcáis
Nazcan
101
Q

Present subjunctive

PARACER

A 
Parezca
Parezcas
Parazca
Parazcamos
Parazcáis
Parazcan
102
Q

Present subjunctive

CONSRUIR

A 
Construya
Construyas
Construya
Construyamos
Construyáis
Construyan
103
Q

Present subjunctive

DESTRUIR

A 
Destruya
Destruyas
Destruya
Destruyamos
Destruyáis
Destruyan
104
Q

Present subjunctive

VER

A 
Vea
Veas
Vea
Veamos
Veáis
vean
105
Q

Present subjunctive

DAR

A 
Dé
Des
Dé
Demos
Deis
Den
106
Q

Present subjunctive

ESTAR

A 
Esté
Estés
Esté
Estemos
Estéis
estén
107
Q

Present subjunctive

HABER

A 
Haya
Hayas
Haya
Hayamos
Hayáis
Hayan
108
Q

present subjunctive

IR

A 
Vaya
Vayas
Vaya
Vayamos
Vayáis
Vayan
109
Q

Present subjunctive

SABER

A 
Sepa
Sepas
Sepa
Sepamos
Sepáis
Sepa
110
Q

Present subjunctive

SER

A 
Sea
Seas
Sea
Seamos
Seáis
sean
111
Q

present subjunctive

-ar verbs whose stems end in -c, -g, or -z …

Buscamos casa
Llegan el lunes
Almorzamos aquí

A

… change those letters

c > qu
Es necesario que busquemos casa.

g > gu
Espero que lleguen el lunes.

z > c
Prefiero que almorcemos aquí.

112
Q

present subjunctive
-er and -ir verbs whose stems end in -g, -gu, or -c …

Escoges otro plato.
Siguen andando.
Te convence su idea.

A

… change those letters.

g > j
Queremos que escojas otro plato.

gu > g
Es possible que sigan andando.

c > z
Espero que te convenza su idea.

113
Q

Explain the present perfect in the subjunctive mood

A

The present perfect subjunctive possesses an retrospective perspective.
e.g. Dudo que haya estado en México en su vida.
Dudo que haya terminado el próximo lunes.

114
Q

Explain the time frame when the present perfect is used

A

The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same kinds of dependent clauses as the present subjunctive. It is used to indicate that the acton of the dependent clause happens before the action of the main clause.

Me alegro de que Uds. salgan. (I’m glad that you’re going out)
Me alegro de que Uds. hayan salido.
(I’m glad that you went out)

115
Q

How do you construct sentence when the present perfect is in the subjunctive

A

indicative verb
esperan que lo

\+ haber in present subjunctive haya
hayas
haya
hayamos
hayáis
hayan

+ past participle
visto

116
Q

Explain the time frame of using the subjunctive mood in the past imperfect

A

The past imperfect subjunctive expresses the time meaning of canté, cantaba or cantaríá.

Example
• Queríamos que lo hicieras (imperfect)
• Quisimos que lo hicieras (preterite)
• Habíabos querido que lo hicieras (past perfect)
• Querríamos que lo hicieras (conditional)

117
Q

how do you construct the subjunctive mood with the past imperfect

A

indicative verb in imperfect / preterite / past perfect / conditional
Querían

+ que
que

\+ 3rd person plural in preterite without the -on and add imperfect subjunctive ending
hablara
hablaras
hablara
hablarámos
hablarais
hablaran
118
Q

how do you construct the subjunctive mood with the past imperfect WITH THE ALTERNATIVE ENDINGS

A

indicative verb in imperfect / preterite / past perfect / conditional
Querían

+ que
que

\+ 3rd person plural in preterite without the -on and add -se ending
Hablase
Hablases
Hablase
Hablásemos
Hablaseis
hablasen
119
Q

Explain the time frame of the subjunctive mood in the past perfect

A

The pluperfect subjunctive corresponds with the indicative times había cantado or habría cantado.

120
Q

how do you construct a sentence in the subjunctive using the past perfect?

A

indicative verb in preterite / imperfect / conditional

+ que

\+ haber in imperfect subjunctive
Hubiera
Hubieras
Hubiera
hubiéramos
Hubierais
hubieran

+ past participle

121
Q

how do you construct a sentence in the subjunctive (triggered by ojalá)lusing the past perfect?

A

ojalá

(+ que)

\+ haber in imperfect subjunctive
Hubiera
Hubieras
Hubiera
hubiéramos
Hubierais
hubieran

+ past participle

122
Q

How is ojalá used with the past perfect subjunctive?

A

to express a contrary-to-fact wish in the past
Ojalá (que) hubiera sabido (I wish I had known)
Ojalá (que) hubiéramos sabido (I wish we had known)

123
Q

Give an example of the imperative mood

A

Siéntate

124
Q

What are the uses of the imperative mood

A 
request
command / order
warning
instruction
invitation
advice
125
Q

how do you construct the imperative mood in the tú form

A 
Affirmative
Present indicative – s
Contesta
Vende
Abre
sirve
Negative
Present subjunctive
No compres
No comas
No pidas
No digas
126
Q

how do you form the imperative mood with usted

A

affirmative
Present subjunctive
Escuche
Lea

negative
Present subjunctive
No escuche

127
Q

how do you form the imperative mood with nosotros?

A

afirmative
Present subjunctive
Tomemos

negative
Present subjunctive
No hagamos

128
Q

how do you form the imperative mood with vosotros?

A 
affirmative
Present indicative – r + d
Contestad
Vended
Abrid
Served
arreglad
negative
Present subjunctive
No compréis
No comáis
No pidáis
No digáis
129
Q

how do you form the imperative mood with ustedes

A

affirmative
Present subjunctive
Escriban
traigan

negative
Present subjunctive
no escriban

130
Q

what’s the story with object pronouns and the impersonal mood in the affirmative?

A 
After the verb and attached to them in writing
Hazlo
Díselo
Tráigamela
Quédense Uds.
Sentémonos
Póntelos
vete
131
Q

what’s the story with object pronouns and the impersonal mood in the negative?

A 
Before the verb
No lo hagas
No se lo digas
No me la traiga
No se preocupen Uds.
No te los pongas
132
Q

imperative

DECIR

A

Di

No digas

133
Q

imperative

hacer

A

Haz

No hagas

134
Q

imperative

ir

A

Ve

No vayas

135
Q

imperative

poner

A

Pon

No pongas

136
Q

imperative

salir

A

Sal

No salgas

137
Q

imperative

ser

A

Sé

No seas

138
Q

imperative

tener

A

ten

no tengas

139
Q

imperative

venir

A

ven

no vengas

140
Q

what’s the story with affirmative nosotros commands + the reflexive pronoun nos or the indirect object pronoun se

A 
In affirmative nosotros commands, the final -s of the verb ending is dropped when the reflexive pronoun nos or the indirect object prononus se  is added and attached to the end. An accent mark is written over the stressed syllable.
Enseñémosela (enseñemos + se + la)
Hagámoselos (hagamos + se + la)
Lavémonos (lavemos. + nos)
Vámanos (vamos + nos)
141
Q

What’s the story with affirmative vosotros commands and the reflexive pronoun os

A

Affirmative vosotros commands lose their final -d when the reflexive pronouns os is attached. The one exception to this rule is idos (go away)
Arreglaos (get ready)

142
Q

What are the other ways of using the imperative

A
  • infinitive
  • que + subjunctive
  • present indicative
  • future
  • 1st person plural of subjunctive
  • 3rd person plural of subjunctrive
  • 1st person singular of imperative
  • 3rd person singular of imperative
143
Q

how do you use the infinitive as the imperative

A

in manuals, recipes (only in formal written language)

Ver la página veintitrés.
No tocar
Cortar las patatas en rodajas.
Interesados llamar al teléfono.

144
Q

how do you use que + present subjunctive as the imperative

A

as a reminder / wish

Que no olviden traer el vino.
Que lo pasen bien
Que pase (Have him come in)
Que espere (Let her wait)
Que me llamen (Have them call me)
Que lo busque en Google
Que se matriculen (Let them register)
Que no se lo dé (Don’t let him give it to them)
Que lo haga él (Let him do it)
Que no se te olvide tu licencia (Don’t forget your licence)
Que no se les acaben los cheques (I hope you don’t run out of cheques)

145
Q

how is the present indicative used as imperative

A

in colloquial speech in soften the command
¿Me trae la cuenta, por favour?
¿Me dice la hora, por favour?

146
Q

how is the future used as the imperative

A

emphatic, often condescending, instructions

Esperarás aquí.

147
Q

How is the 1st person plural of subjunctive used as the imperative

A

let’s, more formal

Ahora consideremos este asunto.

148
Q

how is the 3rd person plural of the subjunctive used as the imperative

A

let’s, less formal

Vamos a considerarlo después de almorzar, ¿no?

149
Q

how is the 1st person singular of the imperative used as the imperative

A

let me do x

Que lo hago yo

150
Q

how is the 3rd person singular of the imperative used as the imperative

A 
let him / her do x
-El Sr. Ramírez está a la puerta.
-Pues, que pase!
Estoy en bata. Que no me vea así!
Que me digan que espere.
151
Q

Give an example of the passive

The new guide will be published in March

A

La nueva guía será publicada en marzo

152
Q

What is the use of the true passive

A

An action is being done to someone or something

153
Q

How is the true passive constructed

A

ser + past participle
La última guía fue publicada hace cinco años.
Todas nuestras guías son traducidas a varios idiomas.
La nueva guía ha sido encargada por el director de turismo.
Será impresa por una imprenta de la region.
La nueva guía está acompañada de una traducción.

154
Q

What is the descriptive passive?

A

estar + past participle to describe the result of an action

Todas nuestras guías están escritas en varios idiomas.
La nueva guía no está publicada todavia.
La torta estaba hecha (la torta fue hecha por el cocinero)

155
Q

how can you avoid using the passive

A
  • reflexive

- 3rd person plural

156
Q

How do you express the duration of an action the began in the past and continues in the present

A
  • llevar + cantidad de tiempo + verbo en gerundio
  • desde + que + verb
  • desde + fecha / año
  • desde + hace + cantidad de tiempo
  • desde + have + verbo conjugado
  • hace + cantidad de tiempo + verbo en presente
  • hace + cantidad de tiempo (at end of sentence)
157
Q

How do you express the duration of an action in the past

A
  • hacía + expression of time + que + verb

* imperfect + desde hacía + expression of time

158
Q

1st conditional
Positive phrases that trigger the present indicative.
(only if)

A

solamente si

si

159
Q

1st conditional
Negative phrases that trigger the present indicative.
(unless)

A

si no

salvo si

160
Q

1st conditional
Positive phrases that trigger the present subjunctive.
(on the condition that)

A

siempre que
siempre y cuando
con tal de que
a condicion de que

161
Q

1st conditional
Negative phrases that trigger the present subjunctive.
(unless)

A

salvo que
excepto que
a no ser que
a menos que

162
Q

2nd conditional

Positive phrases that trigger the past imperfect subjunctive

A 
solamente si
si
siempre que
siempre y cuando
con tal de que
a condicion de que
163
Q

2nd conditional

Negative phrases that trigger the past imperfect subjunctive

A 
si no
salvo si
salvo que
excepto que
a no ser que
a menos que
164
Q

Giving advice

Deberias + ?

A

Infinitive

Deberías hacker una retaliated de grupo.

165
Q

Giving advice

Podrías + ?

A

Infinitive

Al principio, podrías entrant siempre com alguien.

166
Q

Giving advice

Por qué no + ?

A

+ resent indicative

¿Por qué no intentas quedarte quieto cuando se te acerque unaa abeja?

167
Q

Giving advice

Si estuviera en to lugar + ?

A

Conditional

So estuviera en it tu lugar, yo no two dudaría.

168
Q

Giving advice

Yo que tu + ?

A

Conditional

Yo que tú, intentaría entrar de vex en cuando.

169
Q

Giving advice

Yo + ?

A

Conditional

Yo no iría al qsicólogo.

170
Q

Giving advice

Te aconsejo + ?

A

Present subjunctive

Te aconsejo que lo hagas.

171
Q

What are the different temporal structures that can be used with cuando?

A

(1) present, present (habitual)
(2) past, past (past)
(3) present subjunctive, future / present / order

172
Q

What is the structure for an “it’s not that” sentence?

A

No es que

+ subjunctive

+ es que

+ indicative

173
Q

In an It’s not that sentence, what are the different options for “it’s not that”

A

No es que

No es porque

174
Q

In an It’s not that sentence, what are the options for “it’s that”

A

es porque

sino que

(es) solo que

es que

lo que pasa es que

175
Q

How do you structure an Its Not That sentence when talking about the past

A

The exact same way only the subjunctive and indicative change.

No es que

+ subjunctive (imperfect)

+ es que

+ indicative (past)

176
Q

What are the different structures for lamenting something in the past that would change the present (why me?)

A

¡Por qué + conditional!
¡Por qué no estudiaría el español en el instituto!

¡Tener (imperfect) + que + compound infinitive!
¡Tenía que haber estudiado el español en el instituto!

¡Eso + pronoun + pasa por + compound infinitive!
¡Eso me pasa por haber elegido francés y no español en el instituto!

177
Q

If you want to discuss a dream for the future, what’s the structure?

A

Cuando

+ subjunctive past perfect
(haya + -ado/-ido)

+ future

178
Q

What are different ways for imagining the difference between the past imperfect and the past simple?

A

(1) a tree. The past simple is the branches and the past imperfect is the leaves.
(2) a conversation. The past simple is the answers of a bored teenager. The past imperfect is a detailed conversation of a chatterbox.

179
Q

What’s the structure for “I didn’t know that …”

A

No sabía / No creía / No pensaba

+ que

\+ imperfect (present events)
Or pluscuamperfect (past events)

No sabía que hacía tanto frío.
No sabía que hace poco había subido un niño de 9 años.

180
Q

What is the difference between the sentences:

No me parece un país seguro. No voy a ir.

No me parece un país seguro. No iría.

A

Indicative can be used for decisions, orders, justifications, and actual events.

Conditional can be used for unlikely events, invitations, advice, hypothesis, and wishes.

181
Q

Time + relative phrases

What’s the sentence structure for when something definitely exists

A

Indicative (present),
Indicative (present / past)

Busco a una persona que vive / vivió wn eats barrio.

182
Q

Time + relative phrases

What’s the sentence structure for when something may or may not exist

A

Indicative (present),
Subjunctive (present / present perfect)

Quiero conifer a alguien que esté / haya estado en mi misma situación

183
Q

Time + relative phrases

What’s the sentence structure for when something is a past experience

A

Indicative (past),
Subjunctive (imperfect)

Buscaba a una persona que puffier a hacerme feliz.
Intenté encontrar a alguien que me sustuyera.

184
Q

Time + relative phrases

What’s the sentence structure for when something is a possible situation

A

Conditional,
Subjunctive (present)

Me gustaría encontrar a alguien que me mime mucho.

185
Q

Time + relative phrases

What’s the sentence structure for when something unlikely to succeed

A

Conditional,
Subjunctive (imperfect)

Me gustaría encontrar a alguien que me mimara mucho.

186
Q

in the subjunctive, which tense is used for actions that are recently completed or related to the present.

A

present perfect (haya pasado, etc.)

Es imprescindible que los candidatos hablen al menos tres idiomas.
Es imprescindible que los candidatos hayan acabado el primero curso.

Espero que tengas un buen viaje.
Espero que te lo hayas pasado bien.

No creo que esta foto se merezca un premio.
No creo que le hayan dado un premio por esa foto.

Buscamos personas que hablen varios idiomas.
Buscamos personas que hayan trabajado en este sector.

187
Q

Future passive structures are often used in high register contexts.
Give two structures

A

(1) SER + participle
El resultado de las elecciones será publicado en el boletín de la empresa.

(2) SE + verb conjugated in future 3rd person
Se valorará la experiencia en este sector.

188
Q

What (high register) structure is also used to talk about actions completed before this moment?

A

The compound infinitive is also used to talk about completed actions before this moment (haber + participio).

Para presentarse a aquella oposición, era obligatorio haber estudiado una Carrera Universitario.
¿Para trabajar como medico en un hospital tienes que haber hecho una especialidad?
Los candidatos deberían haber cursado sus estudios en alguna Universidad europea.

189
Q

What’s the difference between hace sol and hace un sol.

A

Un and una can be used to give emphasis. This type of oration can be completed with an adjective or expression.

Ayer hizo sol.
Ayer hizo un sol radiante.
La semana pasada hizo un tiempo.
La semana pasada hizo un tiempo de perros

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