Grammar Verbs 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 modes that verbs can be in?
A
- El modo indicativo
- El modo subjuntivo
- El modo imperativo
2
Q
What are the different tenses that verbs can be in?
A
- Tiempos simples: a single word
- Tiempos compuestos: haber + past participle
- Continuous form as well
3
Q
How do we categorise regular verbs?
A
- ar
- er
- ir
4
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which describes basic, natural characteristics?
A
SER
Nuestro piano es muy grande y de alta calidad.
Es de hierro y madera.
5
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which describes where you are from?
A
SER
Somos de Barcelona.
6
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which is used to tell the time?
A
SER
Son las doce.
7
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which is used to say the date
A
Either
Es el dos de junio.
Estamos a dos de junio
8
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which is used with noun phrases to identify people and objects in anser to the questions ¿Quién? and ¿Qué?
A
SER
Mi padre es músico.
Somos una familia musical.
9
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which is used to form the true passive
A
SER
El piano has sido vendido.
10
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which relates to state?
A
ESTAR
Estoy de buen humor.
Estoy muy contenta hoy porque acabo de aprobar mi examen.
11
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which describes what something is made of
A
ESTAR
El piano estaba hecho de madera y hierro.
12
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which is used to answer the questions ¿Dónde? and ¿Cómo?
A
ESTAR
Estoy en casa hoy.
13
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which is used to form the progressive tenses
A
ESTAR
Estamos aprendiendo.
14
Q
SER/ESTAR
Which is used in the descriptive passive with past participle.
A
ESTAR
El piano está vendido.
15
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar aburrido?
A
Ser aburrido To be boring
Estar aburrido To be bored
16
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar bueno?
A
Ser bueno To be good
Estar bueno To be tasty
17
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar cansado?
A
Ser cansado To be tiresome
Estar cansado To be tired
18
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar divertido?
A
Ser divertido To be amusing
Estar divertido To be amused
19
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar listo?
A
Ser listo To be clever
Estar listo To be ready
20
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar malo?
A
Ser malo To be bad
Estar malo To be sick / ill
21
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar delgado/a?
A
Ser delgada To be a thin person
Estar delgada To have gotten thin
22
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar nervioso?
A
Ser nervioso To be a nervous person
Estar nervioso to have gotten nervous
23
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar vivo / a?
A
Ser vivo To be sharp / quick
Estar vivo To be alive
24
Q
What’s the difference between ser / estar pálido/a?
A
Ser pálida To be pale-complexioned
Estar pálida To be pale
25
What's the difference between ser / estar seguro / a?
Ser seguro To be safe
| Estar seguro To be sure
26
What is an impersonal verb?
An impersonal verb has the subject "it"
27
List some impersonal verbs to do with the weather.
| verbs alone
```
Llover To rain
Nevar To snow
Helar To freeze
Amanecer To dawn
Anochecer To get dark
```
28
List some impersonal verbs to do with the weather + hacer
```
Hacer (muy) buen tiempo
To be (very) good weather
Hacer (muy) mal tiempo
To be (Very) bad weather
Hacer (mucho) frío
To be (very) cold
Hacer (mucho) calor
To be (very) hot
```
29
How do you use impersonal verbs to mean "ago"?
Hace is also used meaning “ago” and is placed before the time phrase.
Hace diez años, el invierno fue atroz.
30
How is haber used as an impersonal verb to mean "there is" or "there are"
Haber is used in the third person – always singular – with the meaning of “there is” or “there are”. In the present tense the form hay is used.
Ayer habia agua en las carreteras pero hoy hay hielo. Habrá problemas para los automoviliestas.
31
How is haber used as an impersonal verb to mean "it is necessary to"
hay que
32
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
| How do you structure them with nouns?
Object (person) + Verb in third person + noun
A mi hijo le gustan las ordenadores.
Le gusta el fútbol.
A mi no me gustan los ordenadores.
A pronoun object is often reinforced by a + the disjunctive pronoun, especially for emphasis.
33
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
| How do you structure them with verbs?
To say “I like” or “I feel like” doing something, the second verbs goes in the infinitive.
Me duelen los dientes pero no me apetece ir al dentista.
A mi hijo le encanta jugar con su ordenador, pero no le interesa lavar los platos.
34
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
| How do you structure them with verb + que
If the verb is influencing another person or thing to do something, the subjunctive is needed after que.
No nos gusta que pase tanto tiempo con su ordenador.
35
List some common verbs like GUSTAR
```
Me apetece(n) I feel like / fancy
Me duele(n) I have a pain in
Me emociona(n) I am thrilled by
Me encanta(n) I love
Me entusiasma(n) I am keen on / enthusiastic about
Me falta(n) I am missing
Me gusta(n) I like
Me interesa(n) I am interested in
Me queda(n) I have left
Me sobra(n) I have … over /too much
```
36
What is a transitive verb?
When a verb requires a direct object in order to complete its sense it is called transitive. The predicate may contain a great deal of optional information (e.g. para el vuelo de las cinco de la tarde) for the verb to perform its grammatical function (e.g. el billete).
Pedro ha comprado un billete para el vuelo de las cinco de la tarde.
37
What is an intransitive verb?
When a verb can stand in a sentence without needing further information it is called intransitive.
Llega.
38
When the transitive verb describes the transfer of the direct object to another person / thing, then what happens to that person / thing?
When the transitive verbs describes the transfer of the direct object to another person or thing then the person / thing becomes the indirect object of the verb.
39
List some verbs relating to transferring something or someone
```
Dar To give
Decir To say / to tell
Describer To describe
Enseñar To teach / to show
Enviar To send
Escribir To write
Explicar To explain
Mandar To send
Mostrar To show
Regalar To gift
Prestar To lend
Traer To bring / to fetch
```
40
What happens when an action is performed to a part of someone's body or clothing?
When an action is performed to a part of someone’s body or clothing, the person is the indirect object and no possessive is used.
Me operaron el pie.
El aceite le manchó la camisa.
41
What is a reflexive verb?
A reflexive verb is a transitive verbs whose action is turned back on the subject. The object therefore refers to the same person or thing as the subject.
42
There are a good number of common Spanish reflexive verbs with idiomatic rather than literal meanings. Among these are verbs that denote getting into a state and several verbs meaning become. List some
```
Aburrirse To get bored
Acostumbrarse To get accustomed
Enojarse To get angry
Extrañarse To be surprised, puzzled
Fastidiarse To get annoyed
Preocuparse To get worried
Hacerse To become
Ponerse To become
Sentarse To sit down / be seated
```
43
List some verbs that do not have a non reflexive form
```
Arrepentirse To repent, to be sorry
Atreverse To dare
Dignarse To deign
Jactarse To boast
Quejarse To complain
```
44
Sometimes making a verb reflexive in Spanish can intensify the meaning. List some of these verbs
```
Beber To drink
Beberse To drink up
Comer To eat
Comerse To eat up
Caer To fall
Caerse To fall over
Ir To go
Irse To go away
```
45
TO BECOME
| Physical or emotional change (n no effort)
Ponerse + adjective
Esteban se puso bravo al leer la carta.
Lidia y María se pusieron pálidas del susto.
46
TO BECOME
| Sudden, involuntary change, more profound that ponerse
Volverse + adjective
El psicólogo se volvió loco.
Los politicos se volvieron muy arrogantes.
47
TO BECOME
| profession / social status
Hacerse + nouns of profession / adjectives of social status
| Sara se hizo abogada.
48
TO BECOME
| Implying effort on the part of the subject
Llegarse a ser + nouns of profession / adjectives of social status
49
TO BECOME
| Stresses the process of change
- Pasar a ser
- Convertirse en
- Transformarse en
Atlanta se convirtió en una ciudad important.
El vino se transform en vinagre.
50
What is a modal verb?
A modal verb says something about the relationship between the subject and the full verb, which is in the infinitive.
Lo quiero hacer.
Se los queremos mandar.
51
What does poder mean?
```
- To be able to / Can
No podemos ir al concierto el sábado que viene ya que estaremos en Sevilla.
- Permission
¿Puedo acompañarte al concierto?
¿Se puede?
```
- Possibility
Si no vamos a Sevilla, puede que vayamos al concierto.
52
How do you render "could have done"?
“could have done” can be rendered in two ways:
(1) imperfect / conditional of poder + haber + past participle;
(2) conditional perfect of poder + infinitive.
Podíamos haber ido al concierto.
Habriamos podido ir al concierto.
53
How can you describe permission more formally than poder?
Permission can be expressed more formally / emphatically through using permitir + infinitive.
No se permite fumar en los conciertos.
54
MODAL VERBS - MUST / HAVE TO
Obligation
because of circumstances
Tener que
| No fuimos al concierto porque ese día tuvimos que ir a una reunion.
55
MODAL VERBS - MUST / HAVE TO
| It is necessary to (action not actor)
Hay que
| Para conocer bien la música clásica hay que comprar muchos discos compactos.
56
MODAL VERBS - MUST / HAVE TO
Duty / Moral obligation
Ought / should
Deber
Debemos ir a Sevilla a ver al tío enfermo.
Deberíamos ir al concierto.
57
MODAL VERBS - MUST / HAVE TO
| What is to happen
Haber de
| El sábado que viene hemos de ir a Sevilla.
58
MODAL VERBS - MUST / HAVE TO
| Supposition
Deber de
| Debe de ser un concierto muy interesante.
59
MODAL VERBS - MUST / HAVE TO
Ought to have happened
Should have happened
Haber + past participle
Deber + past participle
Deber (conditional perfect) + infinitive
Debíamos haber ido al concierto
Habríamos debido ir al concierto.
60
MODAL VERBS - WANT TO / WOULD LIKE TO
| Want to do
Querer
| Queremos ir al concierto pero no podemos.
61
MODAL VERBS - WANT TO / WOULD LIKE TO
| More formal
Desear
| Pues, ¿qué desea hacer?
62
MODAL VERBS - WANT TO / WOULD LIKE TO
| Would like to
Quisiera
Gustaría
Quisiéramos ir al concierto.
Nos gustaria ir al concierto.
63
MODAL VERBS - WANT TO / WOULD LIKE TO
| Would like to have done
Conditional perfect
Hubiéramos querido
Nos hubiera gustado ir al concierto.
64
MODAL VERBS - WANT TO / WOULD LIKE TO
| Would like someone else to do
Subjunctive
| Quisiéramos que Uds. fueran al concierto en nuestro lugar.
65
MODAL VERBS - FUTURE TENSE
| to be going to
Ir a
| Voy a ir al cine
66
MODAL VERBS - GETTING OR HAVING THINGS DNOE
| Getting something done
Hacer
| Cuando decidimos ir al concierto, hicimos reservar las entradas.
67
What is an infinitive?
Names a certain activity / state without saying when it happens
68
What is a gerund?
The part of the verb that ends in –ndo
69
What is a participle?
The part of the verb that ends in -do
70
What is the construction of the infinitive?
- ar
- er
- ir
71
What is the construction of the gerund?
- ando
- iendo
- iendo
72
What is the construction of the participle?
- ado
- ido
- ido
73
What are the uses of the infinitive?
- as a noun
- only part of verb that can be used after a preposition, often to link preceding verb to the infinitive or with antes de, después de, en lugar de, para, sin, and en vez de.
- After certain prepositions (al, time clause beginning with cuando, a or de (mean sí + condition), con (aunque), por) to replace a clause beginning with a conjunction.
- imperative
74
What is the use of the gerund?
- by doing, while doing, because of doing, if, when
- llevar (since when)
- ongoing action
75
What is the use of the participle?
- compound past tenses
- Passive with ser or estar
- adjectives
- participle clauses
76
What happens to object and reflexive pronouns with the gerund?
```
Object and reflexive pronouns are attached to the gerund in writing and an accent mark is written over the a or e of the gerund ending.
Esperándolo
Dándomelos
Viéndolas
levantándose
```
77
GERUND
| What happens to -er and -ir verbs whose stems end in a vowel?
```
-er and -ir verbs whose stems end in a vowel use -yendo to form the gerund
Caer > cayendo
Creer > creyendo
Leer > leyendo
Oír > oyendo
Traer > trayendo
```
78
GERUND
| What happens to -ir verbs that have a change in the vowel of the stem in the third person singular of the preterite?
```
-ir verbs that have a change in the vowel of the stem in the third person singular of the preterit have the same change in the gerund
Decir Dijo Diciendo
Dormir Durmió Durmiendo
Morir Murió Muriendo
Pedir Pidió Pidiendo
Repetir Repitió Repitiendo
Sentir Sintió Sintiendo
Server Sirvió Sirviendo
Venir Vino Viniendo
```
79
GERUND
| Poder
Pudiendo
80
GERUND
| Ir
Yendo
81
List some verbs that can only be linked to their object by the preposition A
```
Acercarse a To approach
To get near to
Asistar a To be present at
To witness
Contester a To answer
Jugar a To play
Oler a To smell of
Parecerse a To resemble
Persuadir a To persuade of (linked to verb)
Responder a To answer
Saber a To taste
To smack of
Sobrevivir a To survive
To outlive
Traducer a To translate into
```
82
List some verbs that can only be linked to their object by the preposition CON
```
Acertar con To hit upon
To come across
Casarse con To get married to
Contar con To rely on
To count on
To possess
Complir con To fulfil (duty)
Dar con To hit upon
To come across
Encontrarse con To meet
Llenar con To fill with
Sonar con To dream of
```
83
List some verbs that can only be linked to their object by the preposition DE
```
Aburrrse de To get bored with
Acabar de To have just
Acordarse de To remember
Cambiar de To change
Carecer de To lack
Cuidar de To take care of
To look after
Depender de To depend on
Desconfiar de To distrust
Enamorarse de To fall in love with
Enfadarse de To find out about
Equivocarse de To be wrong
To be mistaken about
Felicitar de To congratulate on
Gozar de To enjoy
Llenar de To fill with
Olvidarse de Forget
Persuader de To persuade of (with noun) Me persuadieron de la necesidad de ir al medico.
Preocuparse de To worry about
Prescindir de To do without
Reírse de To laugh at
Server de To serve as
To be used for
Tartar de To deal with
Tratarse de To be a question of
```
84
List some verbs that can only be linked to their object by the preposition EN
```
Fijarse en To notice
To pay attention to
Insister en To insist on
Quedar en To agree on
Reparar en To notice
```
85
List some verbs that can only be linked to their object by the preposition POR
```
Entusiasmarse por To become enthusiastic about
Estar por To be in favour of
Felicitar por To congratulate on
Inquietarse por To get anxious about
Interesarse por To be interested in
Luchar por To struggle for
To fight for
Optar por To choose
To opt for
```
86
A great many verbs can be linked to a following infinitive by a preposition.
This is a fixed pairing and cannot be altered.
87
What is the complement of a verb?
A small number of verbs simply act as a link between the subject and another word or phrase, which is called the complement of the verb. Usually the complement is a noun phrase, in which case it refers to the same person or thing as the subject.
Tanto mi madre como mi padre son músicos excelentes. Mi padre parece casi profecional y mi madre se ha hecho solista de concierto.
88
What are the main Spanish linking verbs?
```
Ser
Estar
Ponerse
Hacerse
Llegar a ser
Parecer
Sentirse
```
89
Verb + gerund?
| What are the main verbs?
```
Estar
Ir
Venir
Continuar
Seguir
```
90
Verb + gerund
Progressive tenses
(usually present or imperfect)
when action is actually in progress at time referred to
What verb is used?
ESTAR
Cuando los vi, los niños estaban viendo la televisión.
91
Verb + gerund
Progressive tenses
when a cumulative progression is indicated (i.e. gradually or little by little)
What verb is used?
IR
VENIR
Vas aprendiendo muy rápidamente.
Las flores se fueron secando poco a poco.
92
Verb + gerund
Always followed by gerund not infinitive
What verb is used?
CONTINUAR
SEGUIR
Siguieron viendo la televisión.
93
Verb + past participle
What are the main verbs?
```
Haber
Ser
Estar
Quedar
Tener
```
94
Verb + past participle
To make up the compound past tenses
(remains unchanged)
Which verb is used?
HABER
Ya habían pasado la mañana jugando al fútbol.
95
Verb + past participle
To form the true / passive, respectively.
(must agree in gender and number)
Which verb is used?
SER
ESTAR
Ya están escritos todos.
96
Verb + past participle
Must agree in gender and number
Which verb is used?
QUEDAR
TENER
Quedamos asombrados por la velocidad de la nueva máquina.
97
Give an example of the pretérito pluscuamperfecto (pluperfect)
había cantado
98
what is the pretérito pluscuamperfecto used for?
To show that an event in the past had finished before the next one started
Ya habían dejado dos mensajes en el contestador cuando yo llegué.
La policía encontró el revolver que el asesino había comprado dos días antes.
-Antes de ir a México, ya habíamos visitado Guatemala dos veces.
-Ah, pero no me lo había dicho.
99
How do you construct the preterite pluscuamperfecto?
```
Pretérito imperfect de haber Había
Habías
Había
Habíamos
Habíais
habían
```
```
+
Participio
Llegado
Comido
subido
```
100
Give an example of the pretérito imperfecto
cantaba
101
What tense is used To denote an action in the past, of which the beginning or end is of no relevance to the context.
El Pretérito Imperfecto (the imperfect)
En la capital todavía reconstruían los barrios destruidos en el terremoto.
102
What tense is used To show events that were continuing when something else happened
i.e. to describe an event while it is still going on
Gives no clear indication whether the event continued
Gives no clear indication when the action ended
El Pretérito Imperfecto (the imperfect)
Igancio estaba en la habitación cuando se hundió el techo
Llovía muy fuerte, así que cerré la ventana
Esta puerta era azul
Ana tenía diecinueve años cuando se casó
Cuando yo era pequeño yo adoraba a mi madre
103
What tense is used To express habitual/timeless events in the past
Events that had no clearly defined end even though they may no longer be happening now
El Pretérito Imperfecto (the imperfect)
De niño yo tenía ojos azules
Mi madre era vegetarian
Londres era más grande que Nueva York
104
What tense is used With desde hace or llevar to denote that something had been going on for a certain time and might well have continued (verb + hacia in imperfect)
El Pretérito Imperfecto (the imperfect)
Hacía seis años que vivía en el Reino Unido cuando me fui a los Estados Unidos.
Vivía desde hacía seis años en el Reino Unido cuando me fui a los Estados Unidos.
Llevaba seis años viviendo en el Reino Unido, cuando me fui a los Estados Unidos.
105
What tense is used To denote something that was just going to happen
El Pretérito Imperfecto (the imperfect)
Yo me marchaba cuando sonó el teléfono
106
What tense is used To tell the time in the past
El Pretérito Imperfecto (the imperfect)
- ¿Qué hora era?
- Era la una en punto.
107
What tense is used in Indirect discourse after preterite of decir, escribir, avisar, anunciar and informar.
El Pretérito Imperfecto (the imperfect)
- ¿Qué te dijo Loli?
- Me dijo que venía.
- ¿Los escribiste?
- Sí, les escribe que viajaba.
108
What are some common words that signpost the pretérito imperfecto
```
Normally Normalmente
Often A menudo
Always Siempre
Meanwhile Mientras
Almost always Casí siempre
Almost every day Casí todos los dias
When Cuando
At the same time Al mismo tiempo
```
109
How do you form the preterite imperfecto? HABLAR
```
Hablaba
Hablabas
Hablaba
Hablábamos
Hablabais
Hablaban
```
110
How do you form the preterite imperfecto? VENDER
```
Vendía
Vendías
Vendía
Vendíais
Vendíais
Vendían
```
111
How do you form the preterite imperfecto? ABRIR
```
Abría
Abrías
Abría
Abríamos
Abríais
abrían
```
112
What are the only irregular verbs in the preterite imperfecto?
SER
IR
VER
HAY
113
How do you form the preterite imperfecto? SER
```
Era
Eras
Era
Éramos
Erais
Eran
```
114
How do you form the preterite imperfecto? IR
```
Iba
Ibas
Iba
Íbamos
Ibais
Iban
```
115
How do you form the preterite imperfecto? VER
```
Veía
Veías
Veía
Veíamos
Veíais
veían
```
116
How do you form the preterite imperfecto? HAY
Había
117
How do you describe a situation in the past?
Imperfecto de estar + gerundio
Situación - imperfect
Acción - indefinido
Estaba hacienda cola, llegó un chico y me ofreció una entrada
118
Give an example of the preterite
canté
119
What tense is used For events that lasted for a specific period of time and then ended
i.e. to look back on an event after it is finished
PRETERITE
Fue president durante ocho años
Su enfermedad duró varios meses
Esperé varias horas
120
What tense is used To look back on an event as completed in the past i.e. to report that event A happened and finished then event B happened, etc. etc.
Preterite
Se sentó, sacó un cigarillo y lo encendió
Anoche vi dos veces a tu madre
Fue intérprete y después professor
El viernes estuve en casa de la abuela
121
List some common words with the preterite
```
Ayer
El mes pasado
El miércoles pasado
Una vez
Última vez
Aquel día
La semana pasada
El año pasado
El verano pasado
Hace dos semanas
Un día
```
122
How do you form the preterite? TOMAR
```
Tomé
Tomaste
Tomó
Tomamos
Tomasteis
Tomaron
```
123
How do you form the preterite?
| COMER
```
Comí
Comiste
Comió
Comimos
Comisteis
Comieron
```
124
How do you form the preterite? VIVIR
```
Viví
Viviste
Vivió
Vivimos
Vivisteis
Vivieron
```
125
What is noticeable about -ar and -er verbs that have changes in the vowel of the stem (e > ie, o > ue) in the present tense when they're in the preterite?
no change in the preterite
126
preterite
-ir verbs that change vowel of the stem in the present tense ...
... also have a stem change in the preterit (in the third person singular and plurar)
127
Preterite
| PEDIR
```
Pedí
Pediste
Pidió
Pedimos
Pedisteis
Pidieron
```
128
Preterite
| DORMIR
```
Dormí
Dormiste
Durmió
Dormimos
Dormisteis
Durmieron
```
129
Preterite
Verbs like reír and sonreír ...
... have a written accent mark on the I of the endings of the yo, tú, nosotros and vosotros forms in the preterit
130
Preterite
| REÍR
```
Reí
Reíste
Rió
Reímos
Reísteis
Rieron
```
131
Preterite
| SONREÍR
```
Sonreí
Sonreíste
Sonrió
Sonreímos
Sonreísteis
sonrieron
```
132
PRETERITE
-ir verbs that have an ñ directly before the ending ...
Gruñir
Reñir
... drop the I of the ending in the third person singular and plural
Gruñó
Gruñeron
Riñó
riñieron
133
Preterite
-ar verbs whose stems end in –c ...
Buscar
Sacar
... change in yo form of the preterit to –qu.
Busqué
Saqué
134
Preterite
-ar verbs whose stems end in –g
Llegar
Pagar
... change in yo form to –gu
Llegué
Pagué
135
preterite
-ar verbs whose stems end in -z ...
Alcanzar
Comenzar
... change in yo form to -c
Alcancé
Comencé
136
Preterite
-er and –ir verbs that have a vowel immediately preceding the preterit ending ...
... change –ío to –yó in the third person singular and –ieron to –yeron in the third person plural in the preterit. They also add a written accent to the I of the tú, nosotros, and vosotros endings.
137
Preterite
| LEER
```
Leí
Leíste
Leyó
Leímos
Leísteis
Leyeron
```
138
Preterite
| OÍR
```
Oí
Oíste
Oyó
Oímos
Oísteis
Oyeron
```
139
Preterite
verbs that end in –uir ...
Construir
... change –ío to –yó in the third person singular and –ieron to –yeron in the third person plural in the preterit. (Traer and verbs that end in –guir are exceptions)
```
Construí
Construiste
Construyó
Construimos
Construisteis
Construyeron
```
140
Preterite
| DECIR
```
Dije
Dijiste
Dijo
Dijimos
Dijisteis
Dijeron
```
141
Preterite
| ESTAR
```
Estuve
Estuviste
Estuvo
Estuviomos
Estuvisteis
Estuvieron
```
142
Preterite
| HACER
```
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicisteis
Hicieron
```
143
Preterite
| PODER
```
Pude
Pudiste
Pudo
Pudimos
Pudisteis
Pudieron
```
144
Preterite
| PONER
```
Puse
Pusiste
Puso
Pusimos
Pusisteis
Pusieron
```
145
Preterite
| QUERER
```
Quise
Quisiste
Quiso
Quisimos
Quisisteis
Quisieron
```
146
Preterite
| SABER
```
Supe
Supiste
Supo
Supimos
Supisteis
Supieron
```
147
Preterite
| TENER
```
Tuve
Tuviste
Tuvo
Tuvimos
Tuvisteis
Tuvieron
```
148
Preterite
| TRAER
```
Traje
Trajiste
Trajo
Trajimos
Trajisteis
Trajeron
```
149
Preterite
| VENIR
```
Vine
Viniste
Vino
Vinimos
Vinisteis
Vinieron
```
150
Preterite
| ANDAR
```
Anduve
Anduviste
Anduvo
Anduvimos
Anduvisteis
Anduvieron
```
151
Preterite
| CABER
```
Cupe
Cupiste
Cupo
Cupimos
Cupisteis
Cupieron
```
152
Preterite
| PRODUCIR
```
Produje
Produjiste
Produjo
Produjimos
Produjisteis
Produjeron
```
153
Preterite
| DAR
```
Di
Diste
Dio
Dimos
Disteis
Dieron
```
154
Preterite
| VER
```
Vi
Viste
Vio
Vimos
Visteis
Vieron
```
155
Preterite
| SER / IR
```
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuimos
Fuisteis
Fueron
```
156
Preterite
| HAY
hubo
157
Give an example of the pretérito perfecto compuesto (present perfect)
he cantado
158
What tense is used For past events that have happened in a period of time that has not yet ended
present perfect
He ido dos veces este año (compared to fui dos vesces el año pasado)
Nunca lo he visto (compared to nunca lo vi)
La bolsa ha subido mucho hoy
Ha llovido menos durante este siglo
No han contestago todavía
Hemos estado trabajando toda la mañana
159
what tense is used To show that the effects of a past event linger in or are relevant to the present
present perfect
Ha estado enfermo (compared to estuvo enfermo)
Alguien ha fumado en esta habitación
Está content porque lo han ascendido
160
what tense is used In Spain, optionally, to show that the event happened today
present perfect
Me he levantado temprano
Quién ha llamado?
Perdona, no he podido hacerlo.
Hemos ido al parquet esta mañana
161
how do you form the present perfect?
```
haber
He
Has
Ha
Hemos
Habéis
Han
```
```
+
past participle
Mandado
Comprendido
Servido
```
162
Present perfect
| Hay
ha habido
163
participle
| abrir
abierto
164
participle
| cubrir
cubierto
165
participle
| decir
dicho
166
participle
| escribir
escrito
167
participle
| freír
frito
168
participle
| hacer
hecho
169
participle
| ser
sido
170
participle
| imprimir
impreso
171
participle
| morir
muerto
172
participle
| poner
puesto
173
participle
| romper
roto
174
participle
| verb
visto
175
participle
| volver
vuelto
176
participle
| ir
ido
177
participle
-er and –ir verbs that have stems ending in a vowel ...
```
caer
creer
leer
oír
traer
```
... have an accent mark over the I in the past participle
```
caído
creído
leído
oído
traído
```
178
participle
what happens to object pronouns?
Object pronouns precede the forms of haber and are not attached to the past participle.
Se lo hemos hecho.
179
participle
what happens to object pronouns in questions?
• In questions, object pronouns precede he past participle.
| ¿lo has leído?
180
Give an example of the present simple
canto
181
what tense is used to show that an action happens habitually, is timeless, or is an eternal truth
present simple
Lo visita a diario
Quito es la capital del Ecuador
El dolor se palia con anagésicos
182
what tense is used To show that something is happening in the present
present simple
Hoy hace mucho calor
¿Qué haces hoy?
Nos hospedamos en el Hotel Palace
183
what tense is used To show that an event is imminent (i.e. just about to happen)
present simple
Llegan mañana
Me las pagas
¿Vienes conmigo?
184
what tense is used To show that an event in the future is scheduled or pre-arranged.
present simple
La fiesta es mañana a las ocho
Te llamo esta noche a las nueve
En diciembre voy a Paris
185
what tense is used As a past tense, to make narrative in the past sound exciting.
present simple
Sarmiento muere en 1888
Ayer va mi jefe y me dice
186
what tense is used In sentences like “I’ve spoken/been speaking French since I was a child”
present simple
Aprendo español desde septiembre
Estudio desde hace dos horas
187
what tense is used To ask instructions
present simple
¿Hablamos del tema ahora?
¿Entrego el informe?
188
what are some common phrases that trigger the present simple?
hoy
| ahora
189
present simple
some irregular verbs have changes relating to vowels.
-ar and -er verbs: e > ?
PENSAR
QUERER
e > ie
```
Pienso
Piensas
Piensa
Pensamos
Pensáis
Piensan
```
```
Quiero
Quieres
Quiere
Queremos
Queréis
Quieren
```
190
present simple
some irregular verbs have changes relating to vowels.
-ar and -er verbs: o > ?
CONTAR
VOLVER
o > ue
```
Cuento
Cuentas
Cuenta
Contamos
Contáis
Cuentan
```
```
Vuelvo
Vuelves
Vuelve
Volvemos
Volvéis
Vuelven
```
191
present simple
some irregular verbs have changes relating to vowels.
-ir verbs: e > ?
SENTIR
e > ie
```
Siento
Sientes
Siente
Sentimos
Sentís
Sienten
```
192
present simple
some irregular verbs have changes relating to vowels.
-ir verbs: e > ?
PEDIR
```
e > I
Pido
Pides
Pide
Pedimos
Pedís
Piden
```
193
present simple
some irregular verbs have changes relating to vowels.
-ir verbs: o > ?
DORMIR
o > ue
```
Duermo
Duermes
Duerme
Dormimos
Dormís
Duermen
```
194
present simple
some irregular verbs have changes relating to vowels.
What does -uar do?
CONTINUAR
stress the u (as ú) in all forms except nosotros and vosotros.
```
Continúo
Continúas
Continúa
Continuamos
Continuáis
Continúan
```
195
present simple
some irregular verbs have changes relating to vowels.
What does -iar do?
ENVIAR
the i (as í) in all forms except nosotros and vosotros.
```
Envío
Envias
Envia
Enviamos
Enviáis
Envían
```
