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English Linguistics A Level > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

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1
Q

Essentially, what is grammar?

A

It is the nuts and bolts of language.

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2
Q

What is ‘syntax’?

A

It is how sentences are structured - the arrangement of words in a sentence.

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3
Q

What is ‘morphology’?

A

They are sounds that make words.

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4
Q

What are ‘word classes’?

A

They are a group of words that fulfil the same kind of role and function in speech and writing.

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5
Q

What are ‘open word classes’?

A

They are a word class that is generally open to a new (different/variation) word class.

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6
Q

What are ‘closed word classes’?

A

They are a word class that isn’t flexible and cannot admit most word members amongst their word class.

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7
Q

What are ‘nouns’?

A

Subject(s) of a sentence.

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8
Q

What are ‘adjectives’?

A

Describes a noun.

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9
Q

What are ‘verbs’?

A

A process or doing word (action).

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10
Q

What are ‘adverbs’?

A

Describes a verb.

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11
Q

What are ‘conjunctions’?

A

They are connecting words.

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12
Q

What are ‘similes’?

A

They are linking words.

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13
Q

What is ‘preposition’?

A

Words that define time, space (proximity), direction.

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14
Q

What are ‘pronouns’?

A

Essentially, they replace noun for a more general term.

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15
Q

What are ‘determiners’?

A

They give specific information towards a noun (for either their quality or possession).

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16
Q

What are ‘abstract nouns’?

A

They are nouns (concepts) that physically cannot be touched.

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17
Q

What are ‘collective nouns’?

A

A group of things.

eg. Family.

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18
Q

What are ‘concrete nouns’?

A

Objects (concepts) that you can physically touch.

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19
Q

What are ‘proper nouns’?

A

Names: Places, Brands, People, etc.

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20
Q

What are ‘countable nouns’?

A

Nouns that can become plural (countable).

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21
Q

What are ‘uncountable nouns’?

A

Nouns that cannot be counted (have no plurals).

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22
Q

What are ‘premodifiers’?

A

A word class (verb, adj) that comes before the noun, in a sentence.

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23
Q

What are ‘post-modifiers’?

A

A word class that comes after the noun, in a sentence.

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24
Q

What is a ‘noun phrase’?

A

It is a phrase/sentence made up of (either) determiner, pre/post-modifiers, head word (subject - main noun).

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25
Q

What are ‘common nouns’?

A

Nouns that are literally common, they consist of word classes of abstract, collective, and concrete nouns.

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26
Q

What are ‘personal pronouns’?

A

A word that replace subject or object.

eg. I, me, you, he/she, them.

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27
Q

What are ‘possessive pronouns’?

A

A word that show possession.

eg. Mine, ours, yours, his/hers, their(s).

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28
Q

What are ‘interrogative pronouns’?

A

A word used when asking a question.

eg. Who, whose, which, why, etc.

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29
Q

What are ‘reflexive pronouns’?

A

A word that indicate the object of a verb is the same as the subject.

eg. (Word)-self, her/himself, themselves

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30
Q

What are ‘demonstrative pronouns’?

A

A word that have a sense of pointing at something or someone (within proximity).

eg. That, these, this.

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31
Q

What are ‘indefinite pronouns’?

A

A word that doesn’t refer to specific people or things (concepts).

eg. Someone, anything, everything.

32
Q

What are ‘relative pronouns’?

A

A word that acts as a linking word in a sentence, is always placed immediately after the noun it’s referring to.

eg. Whom, which.

33
Q

What is the ‘definite article’, in a sentence.

A

Indicates something specific, “the”.

eg. The ball.

34
Q

What is the ‘indefinite article’, in a sentence.

A

Indicated something more general, “a”.

eg. A ball.

35
Q

What are ‘numericals’?

A

Words that show quantity or place.

36
Q

What do ‘definite/indefinite articles’ and ‘numericals’ fall under the category of?

A

Determiners.

37
Q

What are ‘possessive pronouns’?

A

A word used before a noun to show possession.

38
Q

What are ‘quantifiers’?

A

They are words that show quantity (indirectly).

eg. few, many, etc.

39
Q

What are ‘demonstrative adjectives’?

A

They are adjectives to refer to specific objects or people.

eg. This, these, that, those.

40
Q

What are ‘attributive adjectives’?

A

They are adjectives that are used to pre-modify a noun.

eg. The sudden noise.

41
Q

What are ‘predicative adjectives’?

A

They are adjectives that are used after the noun, post-modifying it.

eg. The noise was sudden.

42
Q

What are ‘comparative adjectives’?

A

They are adjectives formed by adding an ‘-er’ inflection.

43
Q

What are ‘superlative adjectives’?

A

They are adjectives formed by adding ‘-est’. However, some adjectives may need ‘more’ or ‘most’ to pre-modify the adjective.

44
Q

What are ‘Dynamic verbs’?

A

They are processes (verbs) that includes physical action (movement).

45
Q

What are ‘Stative verbs’?

A

They are processes (verbs) that do not include physical action. eg. to think.

46
Q

What are ‘infinitive verbs’?

A

They are the base form of a verb, and by adding ‘to’ before the verb will determine whether it’s in base form.

47
Q

What are ‘main verbs’?

A

It is a single verb, expressing the main meaning. eg. She is playing football - the main verb is ‘playing’ but ‘is’ is the auxiliary verb.

48
Q

What are ‘auxiliary verbs’?

A

They’re placed in front of the main verb and are ‘helping verbs’.

49
Q

What are examples of ‘primary auxiliary verbs’?

A

be, do , have.

50
Q

What are ‘modal auxiliary verbs’?

A

They’re verbs only to be used with main a verb.

eg. Must, should, will, might, could, have to , can , may , shall.

51
Q

What are ‘active verbs’?

A

It is when a person or thing performing the action is emphasized as that subject of the verb.

eg. The minister has issued an apology - ‘issued’ being the main verb before the subject (main noun) and ‘has’ being an auxiliary verb.

52
Q

What are ‘passive verbs’?

A

It is when the subject and object of the sentence has been swapped.

eg. An apology has been issued by the minister.

53
Q

When are ‘modal verbs’ used?

A

They’re only used with a main verb, in a sentence.

54
Q

Give examples of ‘modal verbs’.

A

Can, will, could, may , must, might, would.

55
Q

What are ‘co-ordinating conjunctions’?

A

They’re connections that connects words, phrases and clauses together.

Eg. And, but, or, yet.

56
Q

What are ‘sub-ordinating conjunctions’?

A

They are a word or phrase that links dependent clause(s) to an independent clause, which was introduced by the subordinating clause.

57
Q

What are ‘proper nouns’?

A

They’re nouns with a specific service of name, place, or thing.

Eg. London.

58
Q

What are ‘finite verbs’?

A

Finite verbs are usually main verbs in a sentence.
- Are only used in present and past tense.
- Can be indicative of passive or active voice.
- Verbs that have a definite relation with the subject or noun.

59
Q

What are ‘non-finite verbs’?

A

Non finite verbs cannot be the main verb of a cause or sentence as they don’t talk about the action that is being performed by the subject or noun.
- They don’t indicate any tense, mood or gender.
- They’re used as nouns, adverbs and adjectives.

60
Q

What is a ‘gerund’?

A

A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun.

Eg. He does skiing.

61
Q

What are ‘adverbs’?

A

They are words used to modify verbs but they can modify nouns and adjectives too.

62
Q

What is the ‘adverb of manner’?

A

How an action is done.

eg. He talks ‘incessantly’.

63
Q

What is the ‘adverb of place’?

A

Where something is happening (location - proximal or distal).

eg. The book is ‘here’.

64
Q

What is the ‘adverb of time’?

A

Describing when something is happening.

eg. The exam is ‘tomorrow’.

65
Q

What is the ‘adverb of duration’?

A

How long something happens for.

eg. The store is ‘temporarily’ closed.

66
Q

What is the ‘adverb of frequency’?

A

How often something takes place.

eg. Manny visits us ‘sometimes’.

67
Q

What is the ‘adverb of degree’?

A

It is the extent to which something is done.

eg. We ‘completely’ understand.

68
Q

What is a ‘perfective’ verb?

A

It’s when the action is complete.

eg. He ‘scored’ a goal.

69
Q

What is ‘progressive’ verb?

A

It is when the action is continuous (continuing).

eg. Elizabeth was ‘playing’ football. // She will be ‘playing’ football.

70
Q

In simple terms, what is syntax?

A

It’s how a sentence is formed.

71
Q

What are ‘declarative’ sentences?

A

They’re statements that gives information.

eg. The computer is slow.

72
Q

What are ‘imperative’ sentences?

A

They’re statements that gives orders, instructions, advice or directions.

eg. Close the door.

73
Q

What are ‘interrogative’ sentences?

A

Sentences that asks questions.

eg. Who are you?

74
Q

What are ‘exclamative’ sentences?

A

A sentence showing an expressive function, conveying force and end in an exclamation mark.

eg. Shut up!

75
Q

What are ‘minor sentences’?

A

They’re complete and meaningful statements that don’t have a subject and verb combination.

eg. Bye. / Shush. / Hi.

English Linguistics A Level (30 decks)

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