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English Linguistics A Level > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Essentially, what is grammar?

A

It is the nuts and bolts of language.

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2
Q

What is ‘syntax’?

A

It is how sentences are structured - the arrangement of words in a sentence.

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3
Q

What is ‘morphology’?

A

They are sounds that make words.

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4
Q

What are ‘word classes’?

A

They are a group of words that fulfil the same kind of role and function in speech and writing.

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5
Q

What are ‘open word classes’?

A

They are a word class that is generally open to a new (different/variation) word class.

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6
Q

What are ‘closed word classes’?

A

They are a word class that isn’t flexible and cannot admit most word members amongst their word class.

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7
Q

What are ‘nouns’?

A

Subject(s) of a sentence.

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8
Q

What are ‘adjectives’?

A

Describes a noun.

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9
Q

What are ‘verbs’?

A

A process or doing word (action).

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10
Q

What are ‘adverbs’?

A

Describes a verb.

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11
Q

What are ‘conjunctions’?

A

They are connecting words.

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12
Q

What are ‘similes’?

A

They are linking words.

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13
Q

What is ‘preposition’?

A

Words that define time, space (proximity), direction.

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14
Q

What are ‘pronouns’?

A

Essentially, they replace noun for a more general term.

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15
Q

What are ‘determiners’?

A

They give specific information towards a noun (for either their quality or possession).

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16
Q

What are ‘abstract nouns’?

A

They are nouns (concepts) that physically cannot be touched.

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17
Q

What are ‘collective nouns’?

A

A group of things.

eg. Family.

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18
Q

What are ‘concrete nouns’?

A

Objects (concepts) that you can physically touch.

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19
Q

What are ‘proper nouns’?

A

Names: Places, Brands, People, etc.

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20
Q

What are ‘countable nouns’?

A

Nouns that can become plural (countable).

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21
Q

What are ‘uncountable nouns’?

A

Nouns that cannot be counted (have no plurals).

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22
Q

What are ‘premodifiers’?

A

A word class (verb, adj) that comes before the noun, in a sentence.

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23
Q

What are ‘post-modifiers’?

A

A word class that comes after the noun, in a sentence.

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24
Q

What is a ‘noun phrase’?

A

It is a phrase/sentence made up of (either) determiner, pre/post-modifiers, head word (subject - main noun).

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25
What are 'common nouns'?
Nouns that are literally common, they consist of word classes of abstract, collective, and concrete nouns.
26
What are 'personal pronouns'?
A word that replace subject or object. eg. I, me, you, he/she, them.
27
What are 'possessive pronouns'?
A word that show possession. eg. Mine, ours, yours, his/hers, their(s).
28
What are 'interrogative pronouns'?
A word used when asking a question. eg. Who, whose, which, why, etc.
29
What are 'reflexive pronouns'?
A word that indicate the object of a verb is the same as the subject. eg. (Word)-self, her/himself, themselves
30
What are 'demonstrative pronouns'?
A word that have a sense of pointing at something or someone (within proximity). eg. That, these, this.
31
What are 'indefinite pronouns'?
A word that doesn't refer to specific people or things (concepts). eg. Someone, anything, everything.
32
What are 'relative pronouns'?
A word that acts as a linking word in a sentence, is always placed immediately after the noun it's referring to. eg. Whom, which.
33
What is the 'definite article', in a sentence.
Indicates something specific, "the". eg. The ball.
34
What is the 'indefinite article', in a sentence.
Indicated something more general, "a". eg. A ball.
35
What are 'numericals'?
Words that show quantity or place.
36
What do 'definite/indefinite articles' and 'numericals' fall under the category of?
Determiners.
37
What are 'possessive pronouns'?
A word used before a noun to show possession.
38
What are 'quantifiers'?
They are words that show quantity (indirectly). eg. few, many, etc.
39
What are 'demonstrative adjectives'?
They are adjectives to refer to specific objects or people. eg. This, these, that, those.
40
What are 'attributive adjectives'?
They are adjectives that are used to pre-modify a noun. eg. The sudden noise.
41
What are 'predicative adjectives'?
They are adjectives that are used after the noun, post-modifying it. eg. The noise was sudden.
42
What are 'comparative adjectives'?
They are adjectives formed by adding an '-er' inflection.
43
What are 'superlative adjectives'?
They are adjectives formed by adding '-est'. However, some adjectives may need 'more' or 'most' to pre-modify the adjective.
44
What are 'Dynamic verbs'?
They are processes (verbs) that includes physical action (movement).
45
What are 'Stative verbs'?
They are processes (verbs) that do not include physical action. eg. to think.
46
What are 'infinitive verbs'?
They are the base form of a verb, and by adding 'to' before the verb will determine whether it's in base form.
47
What are 'main verbs'?
It is a single verb, expressing the main meaning. eg. She is playing football - the main verb is 'playing' but 'is' is the auxiliary verb.
48
What are 'auxiliary verbs'?
They're placed in front of the main verb and are 'helping verbs'.
49
What are examples of 'primary auxiliary verbs'?
be, do , have.
50
What are 'modal auxiliary verbs'?
They're verbs only to be used with main a verb. eg. Must, should, will, might, could, have to , can , may , shall.
51
What are 'active verbs'?
It is when a person or thing performing the action is emphasized as that subject of the verb. eg. The minister has issued an apology - 'issued' being the main verb before the subject (main noun) and 'has' being an auxiliary verb.
52
What are 'passive verbs'?
It is when the subject and object of the sentence has been swapped. eg. An apology has been issued by the minister.
53
When are 'modal verbs' used?
They're only used with a main verb, in a sentence.
54
Give examples of 'modal verbs'.
Can, will, could, may , must, might, would.
55
What are ‘co-ordinating conjunctions’?
They’re connections that connects words, phrases and clauses together. Eg. And, but, or, yet.
56
What are ‘sub-ordinating conjunctions’?
They are a word or phrase that links dependent clause(s) to an independent clause, which was introduced by the subordinating clause.
57
What are ‘proper nouns’?
They’re nouns with a specific service of name, place, or thing. Eg. London.
58
What are ‘finite verbs’?
Finite verbs are usually main verbs in a sentence. - Are only used in present and past tense. - Can be indicative of passive or active voice. - Verbs that have a definite relation with the subject or noun.
59
What are ‘non-finite verbs’?
Non finite verbs cannot be the main verb of a cause or sentence as they don’t talk about the action that is being performed by the subject or noun. - They don’t indicate any tense, mood or gender. - They’re used as nouns, adverbs and adjectives.
60
What is a ‘gerund’?
A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun. Eg. He does skiing.
61
What are ‘adverbs’?
They are words used to modify verbs but they can modify nouns and adjectives too.
62
What is the 'adverb of manner'?
How an action is done. eg. He talks 'incessantly'.
63
What is the 'adverb of place'?
Where something is happening (location - proximal or distal). eg. The book is 'here'.
64
What is the 'adverb of time'?
Describing when something is happening. eg. The exam is 'tomorrow'.
65
What is the 'adverb of duration'?
How long something happens for. eg. The store is 'temporarily' closed.
66
What is the 'adverb of frequency'?
How often something takes place. eg. Manny visits us 'sometimes'.
67
What is the 'adverb of degree'?
It is the extent to which something is done. eg. We 'completely' understand.
68
What is a 'perfective' verb?
It's when the action is complete. eg. He 'scored' a goal.
69
What is 'progressive' verb?
It is when the action is continuous (continuing). eg. Elizabeth was 'playing' football. // She will be 'playing' football.
70
In simple terms, what is syntax?
It's how a sentence is formed.
71
What are 'declarative' sentences?
They're statements that gives information. eg. The computer is slow.
72
What are 'imperative' sentences?
They're statements that gives orders, instructions, advice or directions. eg. Close the door.
73
What are 'interrogative' sentences?
Sentences that asks questions. eg. Who are you?
74
What are 'exclamative' sentences?
A sentence showing an expressive function, conveying force and end in an exclamation mark. eg. Shut up!
75
What are 'minor sentences'?
They're complete and meaningful statements that don't have a subject and verb combination. eg. Bye. / Shush. / Hi.

English Linguistics A Level (30 decks)

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