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gold usmle: Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Mobitz I

A

Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.
118. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.

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2
Q

Mobitz II

A

BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.

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3
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depol.

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4
Q

a wave

A

LA contraction

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5
Q

T wave

A

Vetricular repol.

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6
Q

Wavy fibers

A

Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.

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7
Q

Janeway’s lesions

A

Acute bacterial endocarditis.

125. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.

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8
Q

Osler’s nodes

A

Subacute bacterial endocarditis.

127. Tender lesions of fingers & toes.

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9
Q

Thiamine defcy

A

Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption

  1. Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
  2. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss
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10
Q

Fibrinous Pericarditis

A

Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s

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11
Q

Serous Pericarditis

A

Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.

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12
Q

Friction Rub

A

Pericarditis association

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13
Q

Hemorrhagic Pericarditis

A

Associated w/ TB or neoplasm

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14
Q

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

A

Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart

  1. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
  2. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (
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15
Q

PML’s infectious agent

A

JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)

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16
Q

Edema

A

↑Pc (more seeps out)

  1. ↓πc (less reabsorbed)
  2. ↑ permeability
  3. Block lymphatic drainage
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17
Q

Adult Polycystic Kidney

Disease

A

Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
144. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis

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18
Q

Malignant HTN & Kidneys

A

Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men

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19
Q

Nephritic signs

A

Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN

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20
Q

Nephrotic signs

A

Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema

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21
Q

Podocyte Effacement seen

w/

A

Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease

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22
Q

ASO seen in

A

Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to βHGASrtep)

150. Anti streptolysin O

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23
Q

Crescentic GN

A

Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome

152. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis

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24
Q

Hereditary Nephritis

A

Alport’s syndrome. X linked

154. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities

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25
Q

Membranoproliferative GN

A

Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
156. See tram tracking

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26
Q

TypeI Membrano

Proliferative GN deposits

A

C3 & IgG deposits

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27
Q

TypeII Membrano

Proliferative GN deposits

A

Only C3 deposits

159. Aka Dense deposit disease

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28
Q

Focal segmental

glomerulosclerosis deposits

A

IgM & C3 deposits

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29
Q

Cold agglutinins

A

Seen in atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
162. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs

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30
Q

Scrofula

A

TB in the lymph nodes

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31
Q

Aspirin-Asthma Triad

A

Nasal polyps –
Rhinitis
– bronchoconstriction

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32
Q

Ferruginous bodies

A

Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised

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33
Q

Pancoast’s tumor causes

A

Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome

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34
Q

Fatty degeneration

A

Made up primarily of triglycerides
168. Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis
169. Associated w/ CCl4
-

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35
Q

Cloudy swelling

A

Failure of cellular Na pump

171. Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver

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36
Q

Hydropic degeneration

A

Severe form of cloudy swelling

173. Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea

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37
Q

Liquefaction necrosis

A

Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids

  1. Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries
  2. Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation
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38
Q

Coagulation necrosis

A

Result of sudden ischemia

178. Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen

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39
Q

Caseation necrosis

A

Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis

180. Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection

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40
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Seen in the walls of small arteries

182. Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis

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41
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes

184. Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results

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42
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Blood in sputum

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43
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein

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44
Q

Phlebothrombosis

A

From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt,
188. As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to ↑d blood coagulability

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45
Q

Saddle embolus

A

Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks

190. ↑↑ RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale

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46
Q

Paradoxical embolism

A

Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation
192. Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect

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47
Q

Tuberculoid granuloma

A

Collection of macrophages w/o caseation

194. Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections

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48
Q

Cellulitis

A

Spreading infection due to streptococcus

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49
Q

PSA

A

Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA

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50
Q

↑↑5-HT

A

In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)

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51
Q

↑ αFeto Protein

A

Hepatocarcinoma

199. Neural tube defects

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52
Q

CEA

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA

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53
Q

Chromosome 13

A

Retinoblastoma

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54
Q

Chromosome 11p

A

Wilms tumor of the kidney

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55
Q

Vinyl Chloride

A

Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver

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56
Q

Agent Orange

A

Contains dioxin

205. Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas

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57
Q

Parasites & CA

A

Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA

  1. S. mansoni = Colon CA
  2. Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen
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58
Q

Ochronosis

A

Alkaptonuria

  1. Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine)
  2. Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine
  3. See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage
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59
Q

Lead poisoning

A

Acid fast inclusion bodies

  1. ↑ urinary coproprophyrin
  2. Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic
  3. Stippling of the basophils
  4. Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray
  5. Mental retardation
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60
Q

Heroin OD, clinically

A

Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils

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61
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism

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62
Q

Atypical mycobacterium

A

M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare

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63
Q

Cold abscesses

A

Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation

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64
Q

Actinomyces isrealli

A

Farmers infection

224. Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus

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65
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A

Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis

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66
Q

Warthin-Finkeledy cells

A

Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen

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67
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host

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68
Q

Subacute Bacterial

Endocarditis

A

α Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem

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69
Q

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

A

Staph aureus, β Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli

231. Common among drug addicts & diabetics

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70
Q

Mitral Insufficiency

A

Ruptured papillary muscle

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71
Q

Left Anterior Descending

branch

A

Branch of the Left Coronary artery

  1. Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion
  2. MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum
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72
Q

Left Circumflex branch

A

Branch of the Left Coronary artery

237. Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV

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73
Q

Dissecting Aneurysm

A

False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
239. Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia,
atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease
240. Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim

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74
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy

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75
Q

Acute Cor Pulmonale

A

Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism

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76
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Lobular (rather than lobar)

  1. Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli
  2. Abscess formation is common
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77
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
247. Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia
248. Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia
249. Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis
media

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78
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip

  1. Supparation associated
  2. Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement
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79
Q

Panlobular Emphysema

A

α1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase ↑ = ↑ compliance in the lung

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80
Q

Bulla

A

Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax

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81
Q

Farmer’s Lung

A

Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)

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82
Q

Bagassosis

A

Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)

258. Inhalation of sugar cane dust

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83
Q

Silo-Filler’s Lung

A

Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn

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84
Q

G6PDH Deficiency

A

Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans
261. Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs

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85
Q

HbF ↑↑

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

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86
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones
protein casts

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87
Q

Hodgkin’s Disease

A

Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
265. Reed Sternberg cells

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88
Q

Polyarteritis Nodosa

A

Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall

  1. Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag
  2. Can see fever; abd.pain; ↓ wt; HTN; muscle aches
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89
Q

Sprue

A

Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted
270. High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & ↑ IgA levels

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90
Q

Regional Enteritis

A

Crohn’s Disease

272. Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum

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91
Q

Whipple’s Disease

A

Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome

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92
Q

Kulchitsky cells

A

Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas

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93
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ ↑ colon CA incidence

  1. Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn
  2. Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep
  3. Not transmural involvement
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94
Q

Vaginal Adenosis

A

Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy
280. Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix

95
Q

Hofbauer Cells

A

Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis

96
Q

Retinopathy of Prematurity

A

Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations

97
Q

IgA deficiency

A

Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ ↑ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases
285. If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction

98
Q

Priamry Sjorgen’s

A

Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. ↑ risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.

99
Q

Secondary Sjorgen’s

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association

288. RA association shows HLA-DR4

100
Q

LDH1 & LDH2

A

Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction

101
Q

LDH4 & LDH5

A

Liver cells

102
Q

Keratomalacia

A

Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET

103
Q

Metabisfite Test

A

Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution

294. Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2

104
Q

Microangiopathic Hemolytic

Anemia

A

Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
296. See Helmet cells

105
Q

Wright’s stain

A

Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma

106
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Due to EBV infeciton

299. If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.

107
Q

T(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression

108
Q

T(9;22)

A

CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation

109
Q

Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis

A

Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
303. Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape

110
Q

Myeloid Metaplasia

A

Alkaline phosphatase ↑/normal compare to CML = low to absent

305. Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis

111
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; ↑ proliferation of plasma cells in BM =
plasma cell dx
307. Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA
308. Hypercalcemia (↑ bone destruction)

112
Q

T(14;18)

A

NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma

113
Q

Focal Segmental GN exs

A

IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)

114
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome exs

A

Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B;
Syphilis; Penicillamine

115
Q

Schistosoma Haematobium

A

Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional
cell type)
313. Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction

116
Q

Penicillin Resistant PID

A

PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species

117
Q

Duret Hemorrhages

A

We learned associated with transtentorial hemorrhages, they say:
Severe ↑ in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a
compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain
316. Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas

118
Q

Hypertensive Hemorrhage

A

Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages

119
Q

Cerebral Embolism from

A

MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis;
Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect

120
Q

Neurosyphilis

A

Tabes Dorsalis = ↓ joint position sensation, ↓ pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils

  1. Syphilitic meningitis
  2. Paretic neurosyphilis
121
Q

5p-

A

Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry

122
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers

123
Q

Acute Cold Agglutinaiton

A

Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs

325. Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections

124
Q

Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton

A

Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs

125
Q

RBC Osmotic Fragility

A

Hereditary Spherocytosis

126
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

A

Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL.
329. Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene
330. Large Cell
331. Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL
332. Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance.
T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL

127
Q

Singer’s Nodules

A

Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice

128
Q

Paraseptal emphysema

A

Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax

129
Q

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

A

Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.

130
Q

Betel nuts

A

Associated to oral cancer.

131
Q

Fundal (Type A) Gastritis

A

Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases

132
Q

Antral (Type B) Gastritis

A
  1. Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
133
Q

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

A

Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs

340. Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)

134
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

↑ pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; ↑ serum amylase
342. Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back

135
Q

Radiating Back Pain

A

Chronic pancreatitis

136
Q

Complete Hydatidiform Mole

A

No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX

137
Q

Partial Hydatidiform Mole

A

Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs

138
Q

Cold Nodules

A

Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]

139
Q

Acidophils

A

Mammotrophs = Prolactin

348. Somatotrophs = GH

140
Q

Basophils

A

Thyrotrophs = TSH

  1. Gonadotrophs = LH
  2. Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH
141
Q

Lacunar Strokes

A

Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.

  1. Sensory: lesion of thalamus
  2. Motor: lesion of internal capsule
142
Q

CSF of Bacterial Meningitis

A

↓ Glucose; ↑ Protein; ↑ Neutrophils; ↑ Pressure

143
Q

CSF of Viral Meningitis

A

Normal Glucose; +/-↑ Protein; ↑ Lymphocytes

144
Q

Marble Bone Disease

A

Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of ↑d bone density, many fractures = ↓ osteoclasts

145
Q

C5a

A

Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)

146
Q

C3b

A

Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)

147
Q

Anaphylotoxins

A

C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)

148
Q

Vasoactive Mediators

A

Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF

  1. Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; Bradykinin; PAF
  2. ↑d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF
149
Q

Platelet Aggregation

A

ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF

150
Q

Platelet Antagonist

A

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

151
Q

Intrinsic Pathway

A

F XII (Hagman): APTT

152
Q

Extrinsic Pathway

A

F VII: PT

153
Q

Lines of Zahn

A

Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)

154
Q

Currant Jelly appearance

A

Post mortem clots

155
Q

Emigration: Chemotaxis

A

Margination

  1. Pavementing
  2. Adhesion
  3. Chemotaxis
  4. Phagocytosis
  5. Intracellular microbial killing
156
Q

Transudate

A

Specific gravity

157
Q

Exudate

A

Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein

158
Q

Hurler’s

A

Lysosomal storage disease α L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation

159
Q

Galactosemia

A

Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. ↑ Galactose 1 Phosphate

160
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. ↑ Phenyalanine & degradation products
381. Mousy body odor

161
Q

Autosomal Dominant Diseases

A

Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease

  1. Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease
  2. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu)
  3. Hereditary Spherocytosis
  4. Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p)
  5. Marfan’s Syndrome
  6. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s)
  7. Tuberous Sclerosis
  8. Von Hippel Lindau Disease
162
Q

Autosomal Recessive

Diseases

A 
Tay-Sachs
392. Gaucher’s
  Page 25   
393. Niemann-Pick
394. Hurler’s
395. Von Gierke’s
396. Pompe’s
397. Cori’s
398. McArdle’s
399. Galactosemia
400. PKU
401. Alcaptonuria
163
Q

X Linked Recessive Diseases

A

Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, ↑ Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)

  1. Fabry’s Disease (α Galactosidase A deficiency, ↑ Ceremide Trihexoside)
  2. Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, ↑ Ceremide Trihexoside)
  3. Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, ↑ Uric acid)
  4. G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, ↑ Ceremide trihexoside)
  5. Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, ↑ Ceremide Trihexoside)
164
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions

“ACID”

A

Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives
409. Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions;
Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures
410. Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum
sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease
411. Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs:
Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing

165
Q

Transplant Rejections

A

Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.
413. Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only
rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy.
414. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.

166
Q

Blood Metastasis

A

Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion

167
Q

Lymph Metastasis

A

Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion

168
Q

Aflatoxin

A

Seen w/ Aspergillus. ↑ risk for Hepatocellular CA

169
Q

Cleft Lip

A

Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence

170
Q

Cleft Palate

A

Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial
palatine prominence

171
Q

Craniopharyngioma

A

Pituitary tumor - usually calcified

172
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Inolved in Vision relay

173
Q

Medial Geniculate Body

A

Involved in Hearing relay

174
Q

Lung Development

A

Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks
Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks
Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth
Alveolar period birth-8yoa

175
Q

Heart’s 1st Beat

A

21-22 days

176
Q

Foregut

A

Mouth -> Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery

177
Q

Midgut

A

Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct ! Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric
artery

178
Q

Hindgut

A

Splenic Flexure ! Butt crack ! supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery

179
Q

Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons

A

Narcolepsy

180
Q

Type I Error

A

α: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis

181
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

Ruptured cerebral bridging veins

182
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A

Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture

183
Q

Type II Error

A

β: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false

184
Q

Power

A

1 - β

185
Q

Sensitivity

A

TP/TP + FN

186
Q

Specificity

A

TN/TN + FP

187
Q

Positive Predictive Value

A

TP/TP + FP

188
Q

Negative Predictive Value

A

TN/TN + FN

189
Q

Odds Ratio

A

ad/bc

190
Q

d-Dimers

A

DIC

191
Q

Delusion

A

Disorder of thought content

192
Q

Loose Association

A

Skip from topic to topic

193
Q

5 Stages of Death

A

Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance

194
Q

1st Branchial Arch

A

Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear

195
Q

2nd Branchial Arch

A

Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear

196
Q

Median nerve lesion

A

No pronation

197
Q

Radial nerve lesion

A

Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture

198
Q

Common peroneal lesion

A

Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot

199
Q

Diract inguinal hernia

A

Goes through superficial inguinal ring.
Medial to inferior epigastric artery
Seen in older men

200
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia

A

Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring
Lateral to inferior epigastric artery
Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close

201
Q

@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12

A 
T8 = Inferior vena cava
T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus
T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein
202
Q

Hemiballismus

A

Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus

203
Q

O Linked Oligosaccharide

A

In the Golgi

204
Q

N Linked Oligosaccharide

A

In the RER

205
Q

MLF Syndrome

A

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
Seen w/ MS

206
Q

ADA Deficiency

A

SCID

207
Q

Raphe Nucleus

A

Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance

208
Q

β waves

A

Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep”

209
Q

Irreversible Glycolysis

Enzymes

A

Hexokinase
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

210
Q

Irreversible Gluconeogenesis

Enzymes

A 
PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
PEPCarboxyKinase
Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase
Glucose 6 Phosphatase
**muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium
211
Q

Pellagra

A 
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency)
Hartnup’s Disease
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
INH use
212
Q

TLCFN

A

Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & α Ketoglutarate DH complex

213
Q

LCAT or PCAT

A

Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase

214
Q

HMGCoA Reductase

A

Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Changes HMGCoA ! Mevalonate
(-) by Lovastatin

215
Q

Ketogenic amino acids

A

Leucine & Lysine

216
Q

Glucogenic amino acids

A

Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine

217
Q

Keto & Gluco amino acids

A

Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine

218
Q

Carnitine Shuttle

A

Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption

219
Q

Cori Cycle

A

Keeps muscles working anaerobically.

Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use

220
Q

(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)

A

Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]
Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation]
Digoxin [↑ heart contractility]

221
Q

TCA Cycle Products

A

Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation”
Citrate ! Aconitate ! Isocitrate ! α Ketoglutarate ! Succinyl ! Succinate ! Fumarate ! Malate !OAA

222
Q

Cones

A

Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.

223
Q

Rods

A

Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.

224
Q

Gastrula

A

Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo

225
Q

Epiblast

A

@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.

226
Q

Sydenham’s Chorea

A

Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus

227
Q

(+) Frei Test

A

Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum

228
Q

Sabouraud’s Agar

A

Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings

229
Q

FMR1 Gene Defect

A

Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation

230
Q

Barr Body

A

Barr Body

231
Q

Aortic Insufficiency Signs

A

Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels

Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation

232
Q

Scleroderma :”CREST”

A

Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis

233
Q

Cretinism

A

Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button

234
Q

Hemochromatosis Triad

A

Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to ↑ Fe3+ deposition

neuro (18 decks)

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