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Detective textbook per chapter > glossary terms R-Z > Flashcards

glossary terms R-Z Flashcards

1
Q

Reasonable Deadly force

A

the use of deadly force by a LEO that is consistent with the constitutional standard of “ objectively reasonable” as identified under Graham v. Conner (1989)

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2
Q

reasonable grounds

A

grounds for an arrest that usually depend on the facts and circumstances surrounding the specific case

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3
Q

recovery time

A

a period of time designated for an officer involved in a shooting to regain his or her composure and calmness following the shooting incident

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4
Q

regressed child molester

A

a child molester who views the victim as a substitute for an adult partner

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5
Q

relational database

A

a method of storing data in files based on relationships between pieces of data

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6
Q

relative judgement

A

when eyewitnesses compare lineup photographs or member with each other rather than with their memory of the offender

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7
Q

relevancy test

A

permits, in a court of law, the admission of relevant evidence that is helpful to the trier of fact

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8
Q

relevant evidence

A

evidence that is considered logical or rational

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9
Q

residential burglary

A

the burglary of ones residence

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10
Q

residential robbery

A

robbery when an armed intruder breaks into a home and holds the residents at gunpoint or knife point

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11
Q

resistance

A

physical or psychological unwillingness to comply

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12
Q

restraining order

A

a form of legal injunction that requires a party to do, or to refrain from doing, certain acts

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13
Q

retail burglary

A

theft of a place of business generally occurring when the business is unoccupied

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14
Q

reverse drug sting operation

A

an undercover police operation whereby the police pose as criminals such as drug dealers or prostitutes, for the purpose of arresting persons who offer to pay for services offered by the undercover officer

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15
Q

RICO Act

A

1970 racketeering influenced and corrupt organizations act

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16
Q

rigor mortis

A

the process of stiffening or contraction of the muscles of a deceased person after vital functions cease

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17
Q

riss projects

A

programs of the federal regional information sharing system

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18
Q

robbery

A

face to face taking of property from the victim by the offender

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19
Q

Rogues Gallery

A

a compilation of descriptions, methods of operation, hiding places, and the names of associates of known criminals in the 1850s

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20
Q

rough sketch

A

the initial crime scene sketch drawn by officers of the crime scene

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21
Q

Runaway or lost child

A

a category of missing children that is most commonly encountered by law enforcement

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22
Q

salami technique

A

an automated form of the trojan horse method where small amounts of assets are taken from specified accounts or sources and where the whole appears to be unaffected

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23
Q

salvage switch

A

when a car thief purchases a wrecked vehicle that is unrepairable, strictly for its certificate of title and for the vehicle identification number

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24
Q

scammers

A

criminals who defraud, for example, attempt to obtain prescriptions for controlled drugs

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25
Q

scanning

A

a procedure used in computer crime whereby the criminal presents sequentially changing information to an automated system to identify those items receiving a positive response

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26
Q

scene-conscious

A

when the crime scene investigators becomes aware of the crime scene situation and is prepared to take certain immediate actions

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27
Q

school robbery

A

instances of petty extortion or “shake downs” of students and teachers in public schools

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28
Q

scope of the search

A

an officers authority to search incident to an arrest

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29
Q

Scotland Yard

A

one of the first criminal investigative bodies originally formed in england in the mid-nineteenth century

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30
Q

search and seizure

A

a legal procedure used in many civil law and common law legal systems whereby police or other authorities and their agents who suspect that a crime has been committed , do a search of a persons property and confiscate any relevant evidence to the crime

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31
Q

search warrant

A

a legal document enabling an police officer to search

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32
Q

search warrant return

A

an itemized inventory of all property and material seized by officers at the location of the search

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33
Q

second degree murder

A

a form of homicide where the suspect intended to kill his or her victim but was unsuccessful

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34
Q

seed money

A

money required to initiate an undercover drug transaction

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35
Q

self defense

A

to protect oneself from harm

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36
Q

sensational murder

A

a series or group of murders that arouse the interest of the general public

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37
Q

sequential lineup

A

a police lineup method whereby people or photos are presented to a witness on at a time

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38
Q

serial murder

A

a sequence of murders in which there is a time break of TWO DAYS TO SEVERAL MONTHS IN BETWEEN MURDERS

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39
Q

Serology

A

the scientific analysis of blood

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40
Q

sexting

A

when a teen sends nude or seminude pics of himself or herself to other people with their cell phone

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41
Q

sexual assault

A

an assault of a sexual nature on another person or any sexual act committed without consent

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42
Q

sexual battery

A

a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct form assault, which is the apprehension not fear, of such contact

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43
Q

shaken baby syndrom

A

medical term for murder of infants who are violently shaken

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44
Q

shoplifting

A

common form of theft involving the taking of goods from retail stores

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45
Q

show up

A

a type of lineup, where only one suspect is shown to the victim or witness

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46
Q

simple arson

A

the burning of property that DOES NOT result in such a risk to human life

47
Q

simple assault

A

threats to a person to cause bodily harm or death to another or purposely inflicting body harm on another

48
Q

simultaneous lineup

A

a lineup procedure where the eyewitness views all the people or photos at the same time

49
Q

Sir Robert Peel

A

Englands home secretary, credited with creating the first modern police force in london in 1829

50
Q

situational molester

A

child molester who commits such crimes because of one of several external factors. these include intoxication, drug abuse, mood or mental conditions, or other social conditions

51
Q

smash and grab robbery

A

robbery where the robbers approach a car, break the window, and hold up the driver at gunpoint

52
Q

smurfing

A

when money launderers go to different banks and purchase cashiers checks in denominations of less than 10k, for the purpose of bypassing the reporting requirement

53
Q

snitches

A

amateur pilferers who are usually respectable persons who do not perceive themselves as thieves, yet are systematic shoplifters who steal merchandise for their own use rather than resale

54
Q

software

A

the medium on which info is stored, such as computer tapes and floppy disks

55
Q

solvability factors

A

those factors or evidence known to the criminal investigator that provide guidance to the investigation regarding what occurred or who was responsible

56
Q

span of fire

A

physical characteristics of an arson fire such as smoke, direction, flames, and distance travel

57
Q

spree murderer

A

numerous acts occurring in a SHORT SPAN of time

58
Q

stakeout

A

another term for stationary or fixed surveillance

59
Q

stalking

A

a term used to refer to unwanted or obsessive attention by an individual or group toward another person

60
Q

stationary surveillanced

A

another term for fixed surveillance or stakeout

61
Q

statutory rape

A

a term that refers to sexual activities in which one person is below the age required to legally consent to the behavior

62
Q

stickup

A

an alternative term for robbery

63
Q

stop and frisk

A

when an officer stops and searches a person for weapons

64
Q

stranger stalking

A

when the stalker and victim do not know eachother

65
Q

strategic intelligence

A

information that provides the investigator with information as to the capabilities and intentions of target subjects

66
Q

street gang

A

criminal organizations formed on the street operating throughout the US

67
Q

street robbery

A

robbery committed on public streets or alleyways

68
Q

stripping operation

A

a criminal endeavor in which stolen vehicles are disposed of

69
Q

strong-arm robbery

A

a face-to-face robbery of a voctim whereby no weapons are used

70
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

diagnosis made when there is no other medical explanation for the abrupt death of an apparently health infant

71
Q

suicide

A

a deliberate taking of one’s own life

72
Q

superzapping

A

a macro or utility program used in most IBM mainframe computer centers as a systems tool that enables thieves to tinker with the program so that checks can be issued to their private accounts

73
Q

support officer

A

a surveillance officer, sometimes called an intelligence, cover, or tactical officer, who works in plain clothes and who works with the undercover unit but not in an undercover capacity

74
Q

surveillance

A

surreptitious surveillance

75
Q

tactical intelligence

A

info that furnishes the police agency with specifics about individuals, organizations, and different types of criminal activity

76
Q

tagging

A

a process of altering title documents for stolen cars

77
Q

tattooing

A

a term referring to the deposit of gunpowder on the skin of a shooting victim who was shot at close range

78
Q

terrorism

A

actions or policy intended to intimidate or cause terror

79
Q

terry stop

A

a brief detention of a person by police

80
Q

testimonial evidence

A

evidence based on statements provided by suspects, witnesses or victims of a crime

81
Q

testimony

A

a statement made in response to a question or a series of questions

82
Q

texas rangers

A

one of the earliest law enforcement and criminal investigative units forms in texas before texas became a state

83
Q

thermal imaging

A

technology that is used to identify heat sources that might reveal criminal activity

84
Q

thief catchers

A

people recruited from the riffraff of the streets to aid law enforcement officials in locating criminals during the European industrial revolution

85
Q

think-aloud interviewing

A

an interviewing technique used to describe a specific type of activity in which subjects are explicitly instructed to “think aloud” as they answer the survey questions

86
Q

tin truck

A

a truck used to transport parts of a stolen car

87
Q

tolerance

A

a physical condition that devlopes when a person needs increasing doses of a drug to experience its initial effects

88
Q

totality of circumenstances

A

term of art that refers to an officers understanding of all available facts and information relating to a particular incident or crime

89
Q

toxicology

A

a branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms

90
Q

trace evidence

A

a minute or even microscopic fragment of matter such as hair or fiber that is not immediately detectable by the naked eye

91
Q

trailers

A

materials used in spreading an arson fire

92
Q

trained observer

A

a term generally associated with a law enforcement officers ability to observe his or her environment with greater detail than an untrained civilian

93
Q

transfer of evidence theory

A

the theory that whenever two objects meet, some evidence, however microscopic, may remain to demonstrate that the encounter did occur

94
Q

transfer stains

A

stains that result from objects coming into contact with existing bloodstains and leaving wipes, swipes, or pattern transfers behind such as bloody shoe print or a smear from a body being dragged

95
Q

triangulation

A

the process of finding one’s position on a given plan when two visual landmarks are known

96
Q

triangulation method

A

a bird’s-eye view of the crime scene, using fixed objects from which to measure

97
Q

triggering condition

A

an anticipated future event giving rise to a probable cause to search

98
Q

trojan horse

A

a criminal computer program that automatically transfers money to an illegal account whenever a legal transaction is made

99
Q

undercover

A

a form of criminal investigation utilizing operatives who do not appear to be law enforcement

100
Q

undercover officer

A

a police officer who poses as a criminal to gain evidence for criminal prosecution

101
Q

undercover operations

A

disguising ones own identity or using an assumed identity for the purpose of gaining the trust of individuals or organizations to learn secret info, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals in order to gain information or evidence

102
Q

Uniform child custody jurisdiction act (UCCJA)

A

Legislation that made the practice of moving to another state for the purpose of gaining custody illegal

103
Q

vehicle robbery

A

a robbery of a persons driving vehicles that include delivery vehicles, taxis, buses, while the people involved make easy targets for the robber because they frequently work alone and in sparsely populated areas of towns

104
Q

VICAP

A

Violent Criminal Apprehension Program. Operated by FBI. Unit of the US FBI responsible for the analysis of serial violent and sexual crimes. organizationally situated within the critical incident response groups (CIRG) and National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC)

105
Q

Vice

A

generally associated with organized crime, vice crimes supply illegal goods and services

106
Q

victimless crime

A

most typically, a vice crime in which all parties of the criminal act are willing participants

107
Q

virtualization

A

the concept of using a single computer to run multiple operating systems

108
Q

Visible fingerprints

A

a type of fingerprint left at a crime scene that results from being adulterated with some foreign matter, such as blood, flour, or oil

109
Q

Voice Stress Analyzer ( VSA)

A

technology that records psychophysiological stress responses that are present in human voice when a person suffers from psychological stress in response to a stimulus (a question) and where the consequences may be dire for the subject being “ tested”

110
Q

voluntary manslaughter

A

the killing of a human being in which the offender had no prior intent to kill and acted during “heat of passion” under circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed

111
Q

white-collar crime

A

a nonviolent crime committed for financial gain, and accomplished by means of deception

112
Q

WITSEC Program

A

the federal witness security program operated by the US Marshals Service and designed to provide protection for government witnesses

113
Q

Zone-search Method

A

A searching technique, also known as QUADRANT method

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