glossary terms R-Z Flashcards
1
Q
Reasonable Deadly force
A
the use of deadly force by a LEO that is consistent with the constitutional standard of “ objectively reasonable” as identified under Graham v. Conner (1989)
2
Q
reasonable grounds
A
grounds for an arrest that usually depend on the facts and circumstances surrounding the specific case
3
Q
recovery time
A
a period of time designated for an officer involved in a shooting to regain his or her composure and calmness following the shooting incident
4
Q
regressed child molester
A
a child molester who views the victim as a substitute for an adult partner
5
Q
relational database
A
a method of storing data in files based on relationships between pieces of data
6
Q
relative judgement
A
when eyewitnesses compare lineup photographs or member with each other rather than with their memory of the offender
7
Q
relevancy test
A
permits, in a court of law, the admission of relevant evidence that is helpful to the trier of fact
8
Q
relevant evidence
A
evidence that is considered logical or rational
9
Q
residential burglary
A
the burglary of ones residence
10
Q
residential robbery
A
robbery when an armed intruder breaks into a home and holds the residents at gunpoint or knife point
11
Q
resistance
A
physical or psychological unwillingness to comply
12
Q
restraining order
A
a form of legal injunction that requires a party to do, or to refrain from doing, certain acts
13
Q
retail burglary
A
theft of a place of business generally occurring when the business is unoccupied
14
Q
reverse drug sting operation
A
an undercover police operation whereby the police pose as criminals such as drug dealers or prostitutes, for the purpose of arresting persons who offer to pay for services offered by the undercover officer
15
Q
RICO Act
A
1970 racketeering influenced and corrupt organizations act
16
Q
rigor mortis
A
the process of stiffening or contraction of the muscles of a deceased person after vital functions cease
17
Q
riss projects
A
programs of the federal regional information sharing system
18
Q
robbery
A
face to face taking of property from the victim by the offender
19
Q
Rogues Gallery
A
a compilation of descriptions, methods of operation, hiding places, and the names of associates of known criminals in the 1850s
20
Q
rough sketch
A
the initial crime scene sketch drawn by officers of the crime scene
21
Q
Runaway or lost child
A
a category of missing children that is most commonly encountered by law enforcement
22
Q
salami technique
A
an automated form of the trojan horse method where small amounts of assets are taken from specified accounts or sources and where the whole appears to be unaffected
23
Q
salvage switch
A
when a car thief purchases a wrecked vehicle that is unrepairable, strictly for its certificate of title and for the vehicle identification number
24
Q
scammers
A
criminals who defraud, for example, attempt to obtain prescriptions for controlled drugs
25
scanning
a procedure used in computer crime whereby the criminal presents sequentially changing information to an automated system to identify those items receiving a positive response
26
scene-conscious
when the crime scene investigators becomes aware of the crime scene situation and is prepared to take certain immediate actions
27
school robbery
instances of petty extortion or "shake downs" of students and teachers in public schools
28
scope of the search
an officers authority to search incident to an arrest
29
Scotland Yard
one of the first criminal investigative bodies originally formed in england in the mid-nineteenth century
30
search and seizure
a legal procedure used in many civil law and common law legal systems whereby police or other authorities and their agents who suspect that a crime has been committed , do a search of a persons property and confiscate any relevant evidence to the crime
31
search warrant
a legal document enabling an police officer to search
32
search warrant return
an itemized inventory of all property and material seized by officers at the location of the search
33
second degree murder
a form of homicide where the suspect intended to kill his or her victim but was unsuccessful
34
seed money
money required to initiate an undercover drug transaction
35
self defense
to protect oneself from harm
36
sensational murder
a series or group of murders that arouse the interest of the general public
37
sequential lineup
a police lineup method whereby people or photos are presented to a witness on at a time
38
serial murder
a sequence of murders in which there is a time break of TWO DAYS TO SEVERAL MONTHS IN BETWEEN MURDERS
39
Serology
the scientific analysis of blood
40
sexting
when a teen sends nude or seminude pics of himself or herself to other people with their cell phone
41
sexual assault
an assault of a sexual nature on another person or any sexual act committed without consent
42
sexual battery
a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct form assault, which is the apprehension not fear, of such contact
43
shaken baby syndrom
medical term for murder of infants who are violently shaken
44
shoplifting
common form of theft involving the taking of goods from retail stores
45
show up
a type of lineup, where only one suspect is shown to the victim or witness
46
simple arson
the burning of property that DOES NOT result in such a risk to human life
47
simple assault
threats to a person to cause bodily harm or death to another or purposely inflicting body harm on another
48
simultaneous lineup
a lineup procedure where the eyewitness views all the people or photos at the same time
49
Sir Robert Peel
Englands home secretary, credited with creating the first modern police force in london in 1829
50
situational molester
child molester who commits such crimes because of one of several external factors. these include intoxication, drug abuse, mood or mental conditions, or other social conditions
51
smash and grab robbery
robbery where the robbers approach a car, break the window, and hold up the driver at gunpoint
52
smurfing
when money launderers go to different banks and purchase cashiers checks in denominations of less than 10k, for the purpose of bypassing the reporting requirement
53
snitches
amateur pilferers who are usually respectable persons who do not perceive themselves as thieves, yet are systematic shoplifters who steal merchandise for their own use rather than resale
54
software
the medium on which info is stored, such as computer tapes and floppy disks
55
solvability factors
those factors or evidence known to the criminal investigator that provide guidance to the investigation regarding what occurred or who was responsible
56
span of fire
physical characteristics of an arson fire such as smoke, direction, flames, and distance travel
57
spree murderer
numerous acts occurring in a SHORT SPAN of time
58
stakeout
another term for stationary or fixed surveillance
59
stalking
a term used to refer to unwanted or obsessive attention by an individual or group toward another person
60
stationary surveillanced
another term for fixed surveillance or stakeout
61
statutory rape
a term that refers to sexual activities in which one person is below the age required to legally consent to the behavior
62
stickup
an alternative term for robbery
63
stop and frisk
when an officer stops and searches a person for weapons
64
stranger stalking
when the stalker and victim do not know eachother
65
strategic intelligence
information that provides the investigator with information as to the capabilities and intentions of target subjects
66
street gang
criminal organizations formed on the street operating throughout the US
67
street robbery
robbery committed on public streets or alleyways
68
stripping operation
a criminal endeavor in which stolen vehicles are disposed of
69
strong-arm robbery
a face-to-face robbery of a voctim whereby no weapons are used
70
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
diagnosis made when there is no other medical explanation for the abrupt death of an apparently health infant
71
suicide
a deliberate taking of one's own life
72
superzapping
a macro or utility program used in most IBM mainframe computer centers as a systems tool that enables thieves to tinker with the program so that checks can be issued to their private accounts
73
support officer
a surveillance officer, sometimes called an intelligence, cover, or tactical officer, who works in plain clothes and who works with the undercover unit but not in an undercover capacity
74
surveillance
surreptitious surveillance
75
tactical intelligence
info that furnishes the police agency with specifics about individuals, organizations, and different types of criminal activity
76
tagging
a process of altering title documents for stolen cars
77
tattooing
a term referring to the deposit of gunpowder on the skin of a shooting victim who was shot at close range
78
terrorism
actions or policy intended to intimidate or cause terror
79
terry stop
a brief detention of a person by police
80
testimonial evidence
evidence based on statements provided by suspects, witnesses or victims of a crime
81
testimony
a statement made in response to a question or a series of questions
82
texas rangers
one of the earliest law enforcement and criminal investigative units forms in texas before texas became a state
83
thermal imaging
technology that is used to identify heat sources that might reveal criminal activity
84
thief catchers
people recruited from the riffraff of the streets to aid law enforcement officials in locating criminals during the European industrial revolution
85
think-aloud interviewing
an interviewing technique used to describe a specific type of activity in which subjects are explicitly instructed to "think aloud" as they answer the survey questions
86
tin truck
a truck used to transport parts of a stolen car
87
tolerance
a physical condition that devlopes when a person needs increasing doses of a drug to experience its initial effects
88
totality of circumenstances
term of art that refers to an officers understanding of all available facts and information relating to a particular incident or crime
89
toxicology
a branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms
90
trace evidence
a minute or even microscopic fragment of matter such as hair or fiber that is not immediately detectable by the naked eye
91
trailers
materials used in spreading an arson fire
92
trained observer
a term generally associated with a law enforcement officers ability to observe his or her environment with greater detail than an untrained civilian
93
transfer of evidence theory
the theory that whenever two objects meet, some evidence, however microscopic, may remain to demonstrate that the encounter did occur
94
transfer stains
stains that result from objects coming into contact with existing bloodstains and leaving wipes, swipes, or pattern transfers behind such as bloody shoe print or a smear from a body being dragged
95
triangulation
the process of finding one's position on a given plan when two visual landmarks are known
96
triangulation method
a bird's-eye view of the crime scene, using fixed objects from which to measure
97
triggering condition
an anticipated future event giving rise to a probable cause to search
98
trojan horse
a criminal computer program that automatically transfers money to an illegal account whenever a legal transaction is made
99
undercover
a form of criminal investigation utilizing operatives who do not appear to be law enforcement
100
undercover officer
a police officer who poses as a criminal to gain evidence for criminal prosecution
101
undercover operations
disguising ones own identity or using an assumed identity for the purpose of gaining the trust of individuals or organizations to learn secret info, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals in order to gain information or evidence
102
Uniform child custody jurisdiction act (UCCJA)
Legislation that made the practice of moving to another state for the purpose of gaining custody illegal
103
vehicle robbery
a robbery of a persons driving vehicles that include delivery vehicles, taxis, buses, while the people involved make easy targets for the robber because they frequently work alone and in sparsely populated areas of towns
104
VICAP
Violent Criminal Apprehension Program. Operated by FBI. Unit of the US FBI responsible for the analysis of serial violent and sexual crimes. organizationally situated within the critical incident response groups (CIRG) and National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC)
105
Vice
generally associated with organized crime, vice crimes supply illegal goods and services
106
victimless crime
most typically, a vice crime in which all parties of the criminal act are willing participants
107
virtualization
the concept of using a single computer to run multiple operating systems
108
Visible fingerprints
a type of fingerprint left at a crime scene that results from being adulterated with some foreign matter, such as blood, flour, or oil
109
Voice Stress Analyzer ( VSA)
technology that records psychophysiological stress responses that are present in human voice when a person suffers from psychological stress in response to a stimulus (a question) and where the consequences may be dire for the subject being " tested"
110
voluntary manslaughter
the killing of a human being in which the offender had no prior intent to kill and acted during "heat of passion" under circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed
111
white-collar crime
a nonviolent crime committed for financial gain, and accomplished by means of deception
112
WITSEC Program
the federal witness security program operated by the US Marshals Service and designed to provide protection for government witnesses
113
Zone-search Method
A searching technique, also known as QUADRANT method
