Glossary Terms Part 1 Flashcards
Abandoned children
When claims over ones offspring are relinquished with the intent of never again resuming or resetting them
Abduction
The process of proposing a likely explanation for an event that must be tested
Absolute judgement
When eyewitnesses compare each photograph or person in a lineup only with their memory of what the offender looked like
Accelerant
Any substance that can bind mix or disturb another substance and cause an increase in the speed of natural artificial chemical process typically used in context with arsons
Accidental death
The death of a person that is unintentional and unforeseen
Acquaintance molestation
The sexual abuse of children by persons known to them other than family
Acute maltreatment
When a child’s death is directly related to injuries suffered as a result of a specific incident or abuse or act of negligence
Acute neglect
A term commonly associated with child abuse when a perpetrator is responsible to divide care for a victim who is unable to care for themselves but fails to provide adequate care
Affidavit
A legal document presenting facts that the officer or investigator believes constitute probable cause to justify the issuance of a warrant
AFIS system
Automated fingerprint identification system
Alligatoring
The pattern of crevices formed by the burning of wooden structure
Amido black protein
A liquid substance used in to drain for total protein on transferred membrane blots.
**It is typically used in criminal investigations to detect blood present with latent fingerprints **
Anger rapist
A general category including the anger retaliatory talker and the anger excitation rapist
Anger retaliatory rapist
Person who vents his anger and frustration toward the opposite sex by punishing them
Anticipatory search warrant
Search warrant issued before the evidence is actually known to exist but it is anticipated to exist
Associative evidence
Evidence that links a suspect with a crime
Asset forfeiture
Confiscation , by the state , of assets which are either 1- alleged proceeds of crime or 2- the alleged instrumentalities of crime, and more recently , alleged terrorism
Bank examiner scheme
A criminal scheme when con artists lose as fbi, bank examiners , police, the victim is then contacted by them pretending to need help in conducting an investigation
Bank secrecy act (BSA)
A federal law passed in 1970 to require reporting of large scale case transactions
Baseline technique
Crime scene measuring technique in which a line is drawn between two known points
Battered child syndrome
A clinical term referring to the collection of injuries sustained by a child as a result of repeated mistreatment or bearing
Battery
An intentional nonconsensual bodikt contavt that reasonable person would consider harmful
Bertillon system
An early criminal identification or classification system based on the idea that certain aspects of the human body, such as skeletal size , ear shape and eye color remained the same after a person had reached full physical maturity. This system used a combination of photographs with standardized physical measurements
Best evidence rule
Legal doctrine of evidence that says that no evidence will be admissible in court if its secondary in nature (original notes )
Beyond a reasonable doubt
The standard of proof in a criminal case in which deciders of fact are entirely satisfied that the defendant is guilty as charged
Bill of rights
A constitutional doctrine granting individual freedoms
Binding material
A material used to incapacitate a victim during a robbery
Bio hazardous material
Substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms primarily that of humans. This includes waste of samples of microorganisms virus or toxins impacting human health
Bobbie’s
The name of the London metropolitan police department officers : they were named after their founder - Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel
Body packing
Associated with a mule or courier who snuggles something with them (as opposed to sending by mail etc ) across a national border , including bringing into and out of an international plane especially a small amount transported for a smuggling organization
Booby traps
Deadly and dangerous devices used to earn the suspect of any intruders by the sound of explosive devices
Bookmaking
A type of gambling that usually involves taking bets on sporting events
Boosters
Professional shoplifters who resell stolen merchandise to pawn shops or fences at usually one half to one fourth the original price
Bootlegging
Smuggling or manufacturing untaxed alcohol or cigarettes
Bow street runners
A group of English crime fighters formed by Henry fielding during the eighteenth century
Burden of proof
The duty to establish the validity or factuality of the charge against a person
Burglary
A covert crime in which the criminal works during the night time outside the presence of witnesses
Burned
A term used in undercover operations when an undercover agent is identified by a suspect
Buy-bust
When an undercover agent makes a purchase of illicit narcotics and the suspect is immediately arrested
Buy-walk
When an undercover agent makes a purchase of illicit narcotics and the suspect is allowed to leave for the purpose of continuing the investigation
Carjacking
When an armed robber forces the driver of an automobile out of the vehicle before stealing it.
Carnal Knowledge
a specific sx act such as contact between a penis and vagina. (also sodomy)
carroll doctrine
a legal principle that enables officers to search an automobile without a warrant provided that they have probable cause to believe it contains contraband and the vehicle is mobile.
case linkage
also called “linking analysis” refers to the process of determining whether or not there are discrete connections between two or more previously unrelated cases through crime scene analysis.
chain of custody
documentation of all who handled evidence in a criminal case
check kitin
drawing cash on accounts made up of uncollected funds
child abduction
the unauthorized removal of a minor from the custody of the child’s natural parents or legally appointed guardians.
child abduction response team ( CARTS)
a term for a specific type of broader, coordinated effort to locate a missing child
child abuse
another term for child molestation
child molester
one who engages in some form of child sexual exploitation
child protection act of 2003
legislation that created Amber Alerts
Child Protective Services
the name of a governmental agency in many states of the US that responds to reports of child abuse or neglect
child sexual abuse
the unwanted sexual physical contact of an underage child
chop shop
a secret location where auto thieves dismantle stolen vehicles for the purpose of selling the parts
chronic maltreatment
occurs when a childs death is directly related to injuries caused by maltreatment or neglect occurring over an extended period.
circumstantial evidence
evidence that tends to incriminate a person without offering positive proof
closed files
intelligence files that are maintained apart from criminal investigation files to prevent unauthorized inspection of data
code adam
an internationally recognized missing child safety program in the US and Canada originally created by walmart retail store in 1994
coerced-compliant confessions
the use of fear tactics that include direct threats, intimidation, or actual physical abuse
coerced internalization
when highly suggestible and confused suspects who actually begin to believe that they are guilty of the crime they didn’t commit
coercion
the use or threat of illegal physical means to induce a suspect to make an admission or confession
coginitive interview
a method of interviewing in which eyewitnesses and victims report what they remember from a crime scene
cold case
a crime or an accident that has not yet been solved to the full and is it not the subject of a recent criminal investigation, but for which new info could emerge from new witness testimony, reexamined archives, retained material evidence, as well as fresh activities of the suspect.
collation
the process of comparing texts carefully to clarify or give meaning to information
command post
a designated physical location where pulic supervisory and command personnel gather to coordinate emergency operations
commercial burglary
burglaries of businesses and other commercial establishments
commercial robbery
robbery or storys and businesses located close to major thorough fares such as main street, highways and interstates
commodity flow analysis
charting the logical flow of such commodities as drugs, money and illegal arms shipments
companion officer
a peer law enforcement support officer typically designated to accompany an officer involved in a shooting situation (shooting team officer)
composite
a freehand drawing of a suspected criminal
computer crime
a violation of criminal law that requires some knowledge of computers for perpetration
computer error exception
an exception to the exclusionary rule that holds that a vehicle stop based on an arrest warrant store improperty is still lawful
computer hacking
a compulsive computer programmer who explores, tests, and pushes the computer to its limits, regardless of its consequences
computer virus
a set of illegal computer instructions designed to ruin computer hardware or software while reproducing itself in the computer program when it is executed
confession
direct acknowledgment by the suspect of his or her guilt in the commission of a specific crime or as an integral part of a specific crime
confidence game
the criminal practice of gaining the confidence of a would-be victim for the sole purpose of swindling money from them
confidential informant
a person who provides privileged information about a person or organization to an agency. (C.I) can often refer pejoratively to the supply of information without the consent of the other parties with the intent of malicious, personal or financial gain.
conspiracy
an agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal act, accompanied by the commission of at least one overt act in furtherance of the crime
constable
a term given to peace officers during the early formation of policing in England
contact wound
a gunshot wound incurred while the muzzle of the firearm is in direct contact with the body at the moment of discharge
contamination of evidence
the act of adversely affecting evidence by allowing it to be tampered with or by not protecting the chain of custody
convenience store robbery
the armed robbery of a convenience store
cooperating witness
a person whose relationship with the government is concealed until testimony at trial is required and who contributes substantial operational assistance to the resolution of a case through active participation in an investigation.
coordinate method
measuring an object from two fixed points of reference
copping areas
areas known for open air drug trafficking
corporate crime
a form of white collar crime whereby trusted executives working within a company mishandle funds or otherwise betray the trust of customers or other consumers
corpus delicti evidence
evidence that establishes that a crime has been committed
corroboration
supportive evidence that tends to prove that a crime was committed
cover story
a fake story contrived by an undercover investigator to explain his or her presence as a drug buyer to criminal suspects
cover information collection
CLANDESTINE PROCESS OF DATA COLLECTION ON CRIMINAL ACTS THAT HAVE NOT YET OCCURRED BUT FOR WHICH THE INVESTIGATOR MUST PREPARE
crack
a freebase form of cocaine
crack house
abandoned buildings or apartments in public housing projects located near copping areas
credibility
ones ability to be believed
crime
any act prohibited under criminal law that is punishable
crime scene
the location where the crime took place
crime scene evidence
physical,trace biological, or other evidence located at the scene of a crime
crime scene report
a police report designed to document the facts and circumstances of a suspected crime along with associated evidence
crime scene sketch
a scale drawing that locates evidence in relation to other factors
crime scene walk through
the investigative act of investigator walking through a scene of crime for the purpose to give investigators perspective in relation to the crime
crime stoppers
a program separate from the emergency telephone number system that allows a member of the community to provide anonymous information about criminal activity.
criminal intelligence
documented information regarding past, present, future criminal activity
criminal investigative analysis
identifying psychological and social characteristics surrounding the crime as well as the manner in which it was committed
cross examination
a legal line of questioning in a criminal trial designed to weaken or discredit any testimony given during direct examination
cross projection method
used in INDOOR crime scene, it is basically a TOP-DOWN view of crime scene where the walls of the room have been “ folded” down to reveal locations of bullet holes, blood spatter evidence and so on
CSA
controlled substances act of 1970
CSI Effect
any of several ways in which the exaggerated portrayal of forensic science on crime TV shows influence public perception
Currency exchange
a brokerage house for facilitating movement of illicit money
curtilage
the area surrounding buildings and houses
custodial interrogation
the process of questioning a suspect when his or her liberty has been restricted to a degree that is associated with arrest
cybercrime
the destruction, theft or unauthorized use, modification, or copying of information, programs, services, equipment or communication networks
cyber-extortion
when a computer criminal extorts money from a victim
cyber-stalking
preying on a victim through his or her computer
data diddling
false data entry
date rape
rape that occurs when the victim and offender are acquainted before the crime committed.
date rape drug
another term for the drug rohypnol
daubert standard
a rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of expert witness testimony during US federal legal proceedings.
Deadly force
actions of police officers that result in the kiling of a person
Deception
When one intends to dupe others by communicating messages meant to mislead and meant to make the recipients believe what the agent (the person performing or committing the act) either knows or believes to be untrue
Decomposition
The process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler forms of matter
Deductive reasoning
The ability to draw conclusions based on critical thinking
Deep cover
Working undercover for extended periods of time
Demeanour
Ones persona and how one is perceived
Demonstrative evidence
Evidence used to clarify an issue rather than to prove something
Deoxyribonucleic a is
DNA, the genetic material used in criminal investigations
Dependence
The degree of an illegal and addicting drugs legal use
Designer drugs
A class of illicit drugs , designed to emulate controlled substances
Detention
Something less than arrest but more than consensual encounter
ditigal evidence
an electronic device that can digitally record audio or video
direct evidence
evidence that is directly experienced. usually the experience is by sight or hearing though it may come through any sense
direct examination
a courtroom procedure whereby a witness is asked what he or she knows about alleged offense and asked to give brief explanation as to how he or she personally observed or knew about the incident
dissemination
the phase of the intelligence process where information is shared with other law enforcement agencies
diversion
the trafficking of pharmaceutical drugs to the street from normal, legal channels
dna analysis
a sciwntific process among the newest and most sophisticated techniques to test for genetic disorders, which involves direct examination of the DNA molecule itself
DNA technology
the science of identifying the genetic fascismile, or blueprint, of any particular organism in every cell within each human body
domestic terrorism
the unlawful use, or threatened use of force by a group or individual, based and operating entirely within the US without foreign direction, commited against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of social or political objectives.
domestic violence
a pattern of abusive behaviors by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family or cohabitation
double invoicing
a company that orders merchandise from a foreign subsidiary at an inflated price
drug addict robber
a robber who robs to support his or her drug habbit
drug courier profile
the practice of observing suspected drug traffickers to develop a pattern of behavior that would constitute legal cause for a stop and search by police
drowning
a form of death that occurs when liquid enters the breathing passages, preventing air from getting to the lungs
Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA)
established in 1973, DEA is the only federal investigative body whose sole duty is to enforce federal drug laws in the US
Due process
the essential elements of fairness under the law, ensuring that no person is deprived of life, liberty or the property without notice of charges, assistance from legal counsel, a hearing and a chance to confront ones accusers.
duress
the imposition of restrictions on physical behavior such a prolonged interrogation, deprivation of water, sleep or food
Dust print
a VISIBLE fingerprint
