Ch 1 Source book Foundations Flashcards
Henry Fielding
Created England’s first police force, The Bow Street Runners (after watch of london)
The Bow Street Runners
Henry Fielding
horse patrol and permanent foot patrol, were first uniformed police agency in England.
Eugene Francois Vidocq
The FATHER of Criminal Investigation
outlaw-turned officer, founder of french detective police department and modern criminology
pioneered undercover work, anthropometrics, ballistics, crime scene investigation. created unique record-keeping system.
The London Metropolitan Police
Sir Robert Peel
Created London Metropolitan Police
1,000 uniformed, full-time paid officers, had height and weight requirements, literacy
Bertillon System
Idea that the human body remained the same after physical maturity
William Herschel and Henry Faulds- discovered fingerprints were unique to an individual and unchangeable
The Scotland Yard
serves the greater london area,est 1829 by an act in englands parliament by Sir Robert Peel.
responsible for protection of important persons, community patrols, public affairs, recruitment and management of personnel.
Howard Vincent
1877 howard vincent proposed to restructure the department and criminal investigation dept was created ( CID)
CID is well known for its investigative methods, fingerprinting techniques
three significant elements that impacted criminal investigation
- municipal police supplemented by the county sheriff in rural areas
- texas rangers established (before texas became a state)
- police functions expanded - US Marshal’s service and secret service
Pinkerton National Detective Agency
1850 Allan Pinkerton
The organizational structure adopted by FBI. Worked on cases that the local LEOs unable to investigate due to incompetency or limited resources
first to devise ROGUES GALLERY
Rogues gallery
by Pinkerton national detective agency ( allan pinkerton) - who became famous for under covering Lincoln’s death plot.
Compilation of descriptions, methods of operation, hiding places, names of associates of known criminals.
1884 was looked at badly for use of violence to undermine unions, dissolved in 1937
prohibition
1920-1933
VOLSTEAD ACT failed to criminalize purchase/consumption alcohol, and only criminalized the manufacture, transport and sale of alcohol
bootlegging was major criminal enterprise, police corruption ( bribes) flourished
FBI
est 1924. originated from the justice depts. Bureau of Investigation. Hoover was first director, wanted to eliminate corruption and get agency out of politics, abuses of his power surfaced after his death
The RAND study
1970s, conducted nationwide study of criminal investigations by police agencies in major US cities, GOAl was to determine how investigations were organized and managed and various activies related to police functioning
index crimes murder, robbery, rape.
what did the RAND study find
- Most property offenses received only cursory attention,was not much attention devoted to investigator training for management
- investigators cleared cases w/o consideration for successful prosecution, depts have begun using specialized techs to collect physical evidence.
- recommendations: post arrest activities should be coordinated with prosecutors office, patrol should be afforded more responsibilities in prelim investigations. increase forensic resources regarding fingerprinting, separation of clerical cases versus investigative cases.
PERF STUDY
considered roles played by detectives and patrol in robbery, burglary investigations in Ga, Fl, Ks. found 4 hrs over several days sufficient to close cases and 75% of burg and robbery cases suspended in less than 2 days due to lack of leads.
What did PERF study recommend?
detectives played major role in follow up work. detective and patrols officers relied too much on victim statements, suggested not much waste in investigations as earlier thought. ***need greater emphasis be placed on collection of evidence and effort on locating witnesses and using records
objectives of criminal investigation
detect crimes, locate and identify suspects, locate document and preserve evidence in crimes, arrest, recover stolen property, prepare sound criminal cases for prosecution
Jon Nordby’s theory on “abduction”
the process of proposing an explanation for an event that must be tested. proposed from Premise that it is not enough to collect and analyze evidence; flexible guiding theory is needed.
Belief Perseverance
when more weight is placed on evidence that supports their hypothesis rather than on clues or evidence that weakens it
Heuristics
rules of thumb that substitute simple questions for more complex ones
-can lead to cognitive biases.. mental errors resulting from oversimplified info processing, similar to an optical illusion, consistent and predictable and can result in distorted judgments and faulty conclusions
examples of biases (3)
- anchoring - strong influence of the starting point
- tunnel vision - focus on a limited range of alternatives
- availability - make judgments based on what they remember and not the totality of their experiences
Reactive responses
addresses crimes that have already occurred
- responding to a crime, collecting evidence, locating and interviewing witnesses, identifying and arresting suspects
PROactive responses
address ANTICIPATED criminal activity. ( vice and organized crime) suspects are identified BEFORE they commit a crime
Preventive responses
are usually done through deterrence
Herman Goldstein (1977)
Some studies suggest that the role played by investigators is overrated and their time should be spent more productively focusing on crimes with best likelihood of clearance
OTHER researches suggest investigative process if valid but should be augmented by proactive patrol
Proactive patrol
effect patrol tool to prevent burglary as well as many other crimes
