Glossary C Flashcards
1) v. to install steel cable or synthetic rope between branches within a tree to limit movement and provide supplemental support. 2) n. steel wires twisted together in a uniform helical arrangement; cable intended for arboriculutural applications, typically contain seven wires that are zinc-coated.
cable
device used to tighten lags and aid in cable installation
cable aid
hardware to which a cable termination is affixed in a cabling or guying installation.
cable anchor
double-bolted, U-shaped clamp, sometimes used to secure tree cables. Not acceptable or approved for tree support systems in the United States
cable clamp
mechanical device that grasps and holds the cable during installation
cable grip
metal fitting that can be affixed to the ends of steel cable strands to terminate a cable installation
cable stop
installation of steel or synthetic cable in a tree to provide supplemental support to weak branches or crotches
cabling
thickness or diameter of the trunk of a tree taken at a standard height, used in specifying nursery stock.
caliper
instrument used to measure the diameter of the trunk of a tree.
calipers
undifferentiated tissue formed by the cambium, usually as the result of wounding (contrast with woundwood)
callus
thin layer(s) of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem and (inward) to the xylem, increasing stem and root diameter
cambium
Canadian not-for-profit association made up of representatives from various industry, association, and governmental groups providing standards documentation and training materials. Provides a similar role as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in the United States.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
localized diseased area on stems, roots, and branches. Often shrunken and discolored..
canker
collective branches and foliage of a tree or group of trees’ crowns. Aggregate or collective tree crowns.
canopy
lever with an adjustable hook and having a blunt end instead of a spike. Used for handling and rolling logs. Traditionally made with a stout wooden lever but now often made of metal (contrast with peavey).
cant hook
water held in the capillary pores of the soil; much of this water can move in any direction and is readily available to plant roots
capillary water
connecting device. Oblong metal ring used in climbing and static rigging that is opened and closed by a spring-loaded gate (contrast with snap)
carabiner (karabiner)
compound, combining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis. Sugars and starches
carbohydrate
colorless gas, soluble in water, used by green plants to make carbohydrates during photosynthesis; CO2. One of the major air pollutants
carbon dioxide/carbon bioxide
capturing and long-term storage of carbon. Most often used in reference to the capturing and retention of atmospheric carbon dioxide through biological, chemical, or physical processes. Trees sequester carbon through photosynthesis.
carbon sequestration
procedure used by a trained person to force air into the lungs and to force blood circulation in a person whose heart has stopped beating (see also artificial respiration)
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
yellow, orange, or red pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.
carotenoid
larvae of insects in the Lepidoptera order.
caterpillar
positively charged ion. In soils, the most abundant cations are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and aluminum (Al) (contrast with anion
cation
ability of a soil to adsorb and hold cations. Affected by soil pH. Measures soil fertility, clay composition, and engineering characteristics
cation exchange capacity (CEC)
spike-like flower structure, often drooping and flexible
catkin
biotic or abiotic agent that induces a disease or disorder
causal agent
in determining legal liability, the test of the proximate cause and foreseeabilty of the consequences
causation in fact
open or closed hollow within a tree stem, usually associated with decay
cavity
see cation exchange capacity
CEC
basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
cell
complex carbohydrate found in the cellular walls of the majority of plants, algae, and certain fungi
cellulose
main stem of a tree, particularly of an excurrent specimen.
central leader
portable power saw with teeth linked in a loop of chain.
chain saw
short rope or webbing lanyard used for securing a chain saw to a climber’s saddle
chain saw lanyard
trousers manufactured with a protective layer designed to slow or stop a chain saw chain (see chaps)
chain saw pants
a tree of great age, size, or condition when compared to trees of the same species grown under the same conditions in the same time frame (see ancient tree and veteran tree)
champion tree
form of leg protection or personal protective equipment (PPE) worn when operating a chain saw, to protect from snake bites, and/or when applying chemicals. Made of various materials, depending on use (see chaps).
chaps
chemical compounds that keep plant nutrients [usually iron (Fe)] soluble and available for plant absorption over a broad range of pH
chelates
control of pests using conventional, manufactured pesticides.
chemical control
plant tissue damage caused by pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, plant growth regulators) or other chemicals
chemical injury
a device designed to clasp and hold cable
Chicago grip
equipment used to reduce tree debris into wood chips. There are three classes: brush chippers for branches and very small trees, log chippers for larger branches and trees, and whole tree chippers for large trees. Larger models may be fitted with additional equipment to feed heavy debris.
chipper
green pigment of plants found in chloroplasts. Captures the energy of the sun and is essential in photosynthesis.
chlorophyll
specialized organelle found in some cells. Site of photosynthesis
chloroplast
whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll. Often caused by nutrient deficiency.
chlorosis
cutting and removing trunk sections in manageable lengths, which are lifted manually and thrown clear..
chogging
disorder or disease occurring over a long period of time (contrast with acute)
chronic
roots that grow in a circular pattern when a plant is confined in the same container longer than necessary. If not corrected, root pattern will prevent a tree from establishing well when transplanted and will create future problems, such as blow-over or strangulation.
circling roots
in an electric utility system, a network with a closed loop, allowing a return path for the electrical current. Electric utility circuits may include feeders and some primaries.
circuit
an individual specializing in the fields of arboriculture and urban forestry and having responsibility for the management of all or part of planted and naturally occurring greenspaces on public land in communities (see urban forester, municipal arborist< and tree officer).
city forester
taxonomic group below the division level but above the order level.
class
(1) soil particles with a typical grain size less than 0.004 millimeter. (2) a soil predominantly composed of such particles (contrast with sand and silt).
clay
amount of open space between a tree or tree part and another object, the ground, or pedestrian or vehicle traffic on the ground. Often used in reference to the distance between trees and utility lines.
clearance
another word for shackle
clevis
a plastic shell equipped with an adjustable suspension system and a chinstrap, designed to disperse the energy of an object falling on the head. Some helmets may be designed to take side, front, and back impacts (contrast with hard hat).
climbing helmet
hitch used to secure a tree climber to the climbing line, which permits controlled ascent, descent, and work positioning
climbing hitch
rope that meets specifications for use in tree climbing
climbing line
work-positioning harness designed for climbing trees (see harness)
climbing saddle
sharp devices strapped to a climber’s lower legs to assist in climbing poles or trees being removed. Also called spikes, gaffs, irons, hooks, or climbers.
climbing spurs
groups or clusters of plants that are clones, often produced from root sprouts by trees of certain species
clonal communities
asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical
clones
an end-to-end process of documented ownership for herbicides, adjuvants, and containers from manufacturer through application, and the return of returnable, reusable containers to a custom blender for refilling and reuse.
closed chain of custody
combination of knots used to secure a rope to a tree section in rigging.
clove + half hitch
knot used to secure a rope to an object
clove hitch
natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms
CODIT Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (see compartmentalization)
forked branches nearly the same size in diameter, arising from a common junction and lacking a normal branch union
codominant branches/codominant stems
more than one tree sharing dominance in a stand , contrast codominant branches.
codominant trees in a stand
negatively charged soil particles of clay and humus that attract cations. Storage site for plant nutrients
colloid
portable winching device, using cable or rope to draw two objects closer together. Simple arrangement of rope knots and loops to create mechanical advantage
come-along
system of vocal communication in tree care operations used to convey critical infomration and ensure understanding by another worker, often between a worker aloft and a ground worker.
command-and-response system
in North America, flexible steel rope made up of seven wire strands that are twisted helically together
common-grade cable
specialized cell in the angiosperm phloem derived from the same parent cell as the closely associated, immediately adjacent sieve-tube member
companion cell
vegetation that is desirable or consistent with the intended use of the site. For example, plant species that will never grow sufficiently close to violate minimum clearance distances with electric conductors.
compatible vegetation
fertilizer containing the three primary elements: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)
complete fertilizer (fertiliser, in British English)
combination of factors contributing to the stress or decline of a tree
complex, disease complex
1) (n.) organic matter that has been intentionally subjected to decay processes and is more or less decomposed. 2) (v.) to subject organic matter to decay and decomposition processes.
compost
leaf with two or more leaflets (contrast with simple leaf)
compound leaf
1) in mechanics, the action of forces to squeeze, crush, or push together any material(s) or subtance(s) (contrast with tension). 2) the ability of an internal combustion engine to contain or pressurize a combustible fuel–air mixture.
compression
reaction wood in gymnosperms, and some angiosperms, that develops on the underside of branches or leaning trunks and is important in load bearing.
compression wood
the capacity of materials to withstand crushing pressure
compressive strength
1) movement of water or nutrients within a plant. 2) the transmission of heat through matter; a worker can lose body heat through water or wet clothing or be burned by heat conducted through metal equipment.
conduction
a material that is capable of conducting heat or electricity.
conductive
metal wires, cables, and bus-bar used for carrying electric current. Conductors may be solid or stranded (i.e., built up by an assembly of smaller solid conductors).
conductor
phenomenon of overhead electrical utility wire expanding in warm weather and/or in periods of high flow of electricity, causing a droop below its usual height. Significant in utility arboriculture.
conductor sag
1) ovule or pleen-bearing structure of conifers, “pine cone.” 2) a bright-colored traffic control device used to isolate areas on work sites from pedestrians or vehicles
cone
cone-bearing tree or other plant that has its seeds in a structure called a cone
conifer
fruiting body or nonfruiting body (sterile conk) of a fungus. Often associated with decay (see bracket).
conk
component of a rigging or climbing system that connects other components. Includes connecting devices and knots.
connecting device or mechanical connecting link
a multi-purpose bolt clamp that is used to bond conductors, or bond a conductor to a ground terminal or tree supplemtnal support system
connector clamp
personal injury, property damage, or disruption of activities due to the failure of a tree or tree part.
consequences of failure
planned management of natural resources to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect
conservation
materials that cause insect injury or death on contact.
contact insecticides
materials that cause pest injury or death on contact
contact pesticides
tree or other plant that has been grown in a container. Contrast with balled and burlapped, bare root, containerized, and in-ground fabric bag-grown
container grown
field-grown plant placed into a container for a time and then sold as a potted plant. Term does not include a plant initially grown in a container. Contrast with balled and burlapped, bare root, container grown, and in-ground fabric bag-grown.
containerized
ongoing education, particularly for professionals required to attend or complete additional instruction or training to maintain certification, licensing, membership, or registration
continuing education (CEU)
in speedlining, the line used to control the descent of the load on the speedline and to retrieve the pulley or traveler assembly
control line
slow-release or slowly soluble form of fertilizer
controlled-release fertilizer
45-degree notch with a horizontal bottom cut. Used in removing trees or branches. Also called common notch. Contrast with Humboldt notch and open-face notch
conventional notch
silvicultural technique in which trees are cut at the ground and allowed to re-sprout from the stumps. Used to produce biomass, fuelwood, or poles of a particular specification. While sometimes described as basal pollarding, it is not a pruning technique.
coppicing
term describing a heart-shaped leaf.
cordate
lateral meristem from which the corky, protective outer layer of bark is formed. Also known as phellogen.
cork cambium
method used to appraise the monetary value of tree and landscape losses based on the treatment needed to return the property to a reasonable approximation of its original condition.
cost of cure
seed leaf. One of the first leaves to form in an embryo
cotyledon
group of representatives of several tree care and landscape associations that works to research and author the Guide for Plant Appraisal
Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers (CTLA)
knot commonly used to attach hardware to a tree. Should be backed up or finished with a half hitch.
cow hitch
narrow breaks or fissures in stems or branches. If severe, may result in tree or branch failure.
cracks
term to describe a leaf margin with rounded teeth
crenate
area of soil around a tree where the minimum amount of roots considered critical to the structural stability or health of the tree are located. CRZ determination is sometimes based on the drip line or a multiple of dbh, but because root growth is often asymmetric due to site conditions, on-site investigation is preferred.
critical root zone (CRZ)
abrupt bend in a branch or trunk.
crook
section perpendicular to the axis of longitudinal growth.
cross section
(1) (noun) branch union or fork. (2) (verb) to place a line through a branch union.
crotch
upper part of a tree, measured from the lowest branch, including all the branches and foliage.
crown
in pruning, the selective removal of dead, dying, diseased, and broken branches from the tree crown.
crown cleaning
amount of apical dominance within a tree crown leading to tree crowns of monocormic (excurrent, one leader) oligocormic (decurrent with a lrager number of more or less equal leaders) organization.
crown hierarchy
in pruning, the selective removal of lower limbs from a tree crown to provide clearance. Raising. Lifting
crown raising
method of reducing the height and/or spread of a tree crown by making appropriate pruning cuts. Reduction
crown reduction
method of restoring the natural growth habit of a tree that has been topped or damaged in any other way. Restoration pruning
crown restoration
disease or decay at the base of a tree or root crown. See butt rot
crown rot (root crown rot)
in pruning, the selective removal of live branches to reduce crown density.
crown thinning
cultivated variety of a plant. Cannot be reproduced without human assistance. Usually propagated asexually (cloned). Compare to variety
cultivar
method of controlling plant pests by providing a growing environment favorable to the host plant and/or unfavorable to the pest. See Plant Health Care and Integrated Pest Managemen
cultural control
too little or too much sunlight, water, fertilzer, air, pests, or other factors reslting in poor health or growth.
cultural problems
flow of electrons in an electrical conductor. The strength or rate of movement of the electricity is measured in amperes
current (electric)
in utility arboriculture, a momentary, excessive increase in the amount of electricity flowing through a wire or other conductor.
current surges
in utility arboriculture, a measure of the average time that customers have been without power over a given range of dates.
customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI)
waxy layer outside the epidermis of a leaf that retards water loss and resists insect damage.
cuticle
method of placing herbicide on stumps immediately after cutting so that the herbicide is absorbed and translocated to the roots. Often used in utility arboriculture.
cut-surface application
in utility and municipal arboriculture, the length of time between each maintenance pruning for a given circuit or geographic area. Pruning cycle.
cycle
in utility and municipal arboriculture, fast-growing trees that need to be pruned more frequently than the set pruning cycle.
cycle busters
number of times a rope or other piece of equipment can be used with a given load before mechanical failure
cycles to failure
plant hormones involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes. Compounds with cytokininlike activity may be synthetically produced.
cytokinins
