Glossary A Flashcards
abiotic
nonliving
abiotic disorder
plant malady caused by nonliving, environmental, or man-made agents (contrast with biotic disorder).
abscisic acid (ABA)
plant hormone that stimulates stomatal closure and promotes seed and bud dormancy. Inhibits shoot growth but may promote root growth. Plays a role in wounding responses and in abscission of leaves and fruit.
abscission
leaf or fruit drop induced by hormonal changes.
abscission zone
area at the base of the petiole where cellular breakdown leads to leaf and fruit drop.
absorbing roots
fine, fibrous roots that take up water and minerals. Most absorbing roots are within the top 12 inches (30 cm) of soil.
absorption
taking up (contrast with adsorption).
adsorption
adhesion on contact of the molecules of gases, dissolved substances, or liquids to the surface of solids or liquids with which they are in contact (contrast with absorption).
acceleration
rate of change of the velocity of an object. Acceleration is a vector quantity (see vector and velocity).
acceptable risk
the degree or amount of risk that the owner, manager, or controllong authority is willing to accept.
access line
1) second climbing line hung in a tree in case it is needed to reach a victim in an emergency. 2) climbing line installed in a tree to gain access to, but not used to work, the tree.
access route
defined entrance and exit route for a property during construction, tree work, or landscape operations.
acclimation
physiological adaptation process of plants and other living organisms to a climate or environment different from their native environment or where originally grown.
acid
having a pH less than 7.0 (contrast with alkaline).
acidity
state or quality of being acid (contrast with alkalinity; see pH).
acorn
characteristic fruit of plant species belonging to the Quercus genus.
actinomycetes
group of soil bacteria resembling fungi. Actinomycetes play a role in the decomposition of organic matter and the release of mineral elements.
action
pertaining to carabiners and snaps, the number of distinct motions for the gate to be opened. A nonlocking carabiner is single action, requiring one movement for the gate to be opened.
action threshold
pest population or plant damage level that requires action to prevent irreversible or unacceptable physiological and/or aesthetic harm (see economic threshold).
acuminate
term describing leaves that taper sharply at their tip (apex).
acute
disorder or disease that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time (contrast with chronic).
adaptability
genetic ability of plants and other living organisms to adjust or acclimate to different environments.
adhesion
force of attraction between two different materials; in soils, it is the attraction of water molecules to soil particles.
adjustable balancer
adjustable rigging sling used to balance tree limbs being removed in rigging operations.
adpressed
in close, tight proximity. Pressed close to or lying flat against something. Appressed
an assessment performed to provide detailed information about specific tree parts, defects, or site conditions. Specialized equipment, data collection and analysis, and/or expertise are usually required.
advanced assessment
arising from parts of the root or stem and having no connection to apical meristems.
adventitious
bud arising from a place other than a leaf axil or shoot tip, usually as a result of hormonal triggers.
adventitious bud
roots arising from roots or stems and having no connection to apical meristems.
adventitious roots
shoot that develops from an adventitious bud….
adventitious shoot
provision of air to the soil to alleviate soil compaction and improve its structure.
aeration
set of holes or trenches created in the tree’s or other plant’s root area to improve oxygen availability to the roots and gas exchange with the atmosphere. Aeration systems sometimes include an underground arrangement of porous pipes or tubing.
aeration system
inspection undertaken from a plane or helicopter; often used by electric utilities to monitor tree growth near electric transmission lines.
aerial (airborne) patrol
system of reducing the physical hanging space of aboveground electrical conductors.
aerial bundle cable (ABC)
1) a device, with booms and a bucket, for elevating a worker to the proximity of a tree’s crown; may be mounted on a truck or other vehicle or be towed or self-propelled (also known as a mini-lift). 2) a self-propelled device such as a scissor lift, with an elevating platform but without side reach for placing a worker in the proximity of a tree’s crown; may be used for hedges or interior trees. In the United Kingdom, such devices are called a mobile elevated work platform (MEWP).
aerial device (aerial lift device)
inspection of the upper tree parts not readily accessed from the ground; typically done by climbing or from an aerial lift.
aerial inspection
method of bringing an injured worker down from a tree or aerial lift device
aerial rescue
Above ground roots. Usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions
aerial roots
pleasing to the senses, visually or otherwise. Artistic.
aesthetic
1) close cluster or mix of small particles of soil and/or organic matter of varying size that are bonded together. 2) sand, gravel, or small rocks in soil; and/or sand, gravel, or small rocks used under paved surfaces. 3) clusters of flowers or fruits that appear as a single unit. 4) individual tree crowns that form a canopy
aggregate
device that directs a jet of highly compressed air to excavate soil. Used within the root zone of trees to avoid or minimize damage to tree roots or near underground structures such as pipes and wires
air excavation device, air excavator
uppermost point of a tree lightning protection system
air terminal
steel wire rope of various constructions designated by the number of strands in the rope and the number of wires in each strand; commonly used in cabling (in Australia and New Zealand) due to its high strength.
aircraft cable
chemical compound that, in water solution, reacts as a base by forming hydroxyl ions (OH-). Commonly referred to as “metal hydroxides.”
alkali
having a pH greater than 7.0 (contrast with acid)
alkaline
state or quality of being alkaline (contrast with acidity; see pH)
alkalinity
two parallel rows of trees, usually of the same species, form, and age, often having canopies that have grown together.
allée
allelochemicals
substances produced naturally by plants as part of a defense against pests and other plants. May adversely affect the growth and development of other plants..
chemical effect or inhibition of growth or development of plants that is induced by allelochemicals
allelopathy
pertaining to bud or leaf arrangement, one leaf or bud at each node, situated at alternating positions along the stem. In this arrangement, the leaves are not directly across from each other (contrast with opposite and whorled).
alternate
one of a number of separate obligate hosts to the different life stages of certain pathogens, such as rusts, which must alternate between hosts
alternate host
a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards by accredited representatives of government agencies, industry, and other stakeholders (see ANSI A300, ANSI Z133, and ANSI Z60.1).
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
specialized nut used in cabling trees that has a large eye for attaching a cable to a threaded rod
amon-eye nut
1) measure of electrical current flow through an electrical conductor; the flow of one volt through a wire with a resistance of one ohm. 2) the current draw or power rating of electrical power tools and appropriately sized power cords and sources and circuit breakers. Important to understand for efficient and safe use of such tools.
ampere (amp, A)
anaerobic without—or with a restricted supply of— air. Process that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic
1) study of the structure and composition of plants and other living organisms. 2) structure and composition of plants and other living organisms (contrast with morphology, physiology, and taxonomy)
anatomy
1) in cabling, hardware to which support cable is affixed. 2) in rigging, the point at which the rigging system is secured or where friction is controlled.
anchor
in a mechanical advantage system that employs pulleys, the stationary block in a block and tackle system
anchor block
sum of the forces acting on the anchor point(s) in a rigging system
anchor force
hardware to which the cable termination is affixed in a cabling or guying installation
anchor hardware
knot commonly used to attach a line to a piece of hardware. Anchor bend.
anchor hitch
a tree that has passed beyond maturity and is old or aged in comparison with other trees of the same species (see champion tree and veteran tree).
ancient tree
plant with seeds borne in an ovary. Consists of two large groups: monocotyledons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (most woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants) (contrast with gymnosperm).
angiosperm
ion that carries a negative charge (contrast with cation)
anion
1) a plant living only one year (contrast with biennial and perennial). 2) anything that recurs yearly, such as an assessment, inspection, program, or treatment.
annual
in the United States, industry-developed, national consensus standards of practice for tree care.
ANSI A300
in the United States, industry-developed, national consensus safety standards of practice for tree care.
ANSI Z133
in the United States, industry-developed, national consensus standards for nursery stock.
ANSI Z60.1
red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.
anthocyanin
group of fungal diseases of trees that affect the leaves, stems, flowers, or fruit, causing spotting, blotching, or necrosis
anthracnose
plant growth regulator that inhibits the action of the plant hormone gibberellin, which, among other things, regulates cell elongation.
antigibberellin
substance applied to the foliage of plants to reduce water loss (transpiration)
antitranspirant
hand pruning tool with a sharp, straight blade that cuts against a flat metal surface (anvil).
anvil-type pruning tool
the tip, end, or angular limit of an object; for example,the tip of a leaf or shoot.
apex
group of sap-sucking insects of the Hemiptera order.
aphid
having to do with the tip of a leaf or stem
apical
bud at the tip of a twig or shoot (see terminal bud).
apical bud
inhibition of lateral buds, decreasing from the top down, by apical buds over many seasons, resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form.
apical control
condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season.
apical dominance
growing points at the tips of shoots and roots.
apical meristems
apoplasm
free spaces in plant tissue. Includes cell walls as well as intracellular spaces (contrast with symplasm).
placing a monetary value on a tree, other plant, other landscaping, including hardscape, or an entire property. 2) a report stating an opinion of appraised value. 3) particularly outside the United States, an evaluation of nonmonetary landscape or plant characteristics.
appraisal
minimum distances that must be maintained between conductors and other energized equipment and qualified line-clearance personnel or persons other than line-clearance personnel and their bodies or tools. Approach distances vary with qualifications of personnel and with voltages.
approach distances
method of systematically assessing plant health and client needs to determine which course of action, if any, is recommended.
appropriate response process (ARP)
in the context of guidelines, standards, and specifications, that which is acceptable to federal, state, provincial, or local enforcement authorities or is an accepted industry practice.
approved
practice and study of the care of trees and other woody plants in the landscape.
arboriculture
professional who possesses the technical competence gained through experience and related training to provide for or supervise the management of trees and other woody plants in residential, commercial, and public landscapes.
arborist
arborist block heavy-duty pulley with an integrated connection point (bushing for attaching a rope sling), a rotating sheave for the rope, and extended cheek plates. Used in tree rigging operations.
arborist block
in Australia, industry-developed, national consensus standards of practice for pruning.
AS 4373-1996, Pruning of Amenity Trees
piece of gear that enables a climber to ascend a rope. Attached to the rope, it will grip in one direction (down) and slide in the other (up) (contrast with descender)
ascender
without symptoms.
asymptomatic
tool that bores holes in wood or other materials while carrying cuttings away from the bored hole
auger
drill bit that bores holes in wood or other materials while carrying cuttings away from the bored hole.
auger bit
in Plant Health Care, the release of beneficial organisms to suppress pest insect or mite populations.
augmentation
plant hormone or substance that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants. Produced at sites where cells are dividing, primarily in the shoot tips. _________ compounds may be synthetically produced.
auxin
water remaining in the soil after gravitational water has drained and before the permanent wilting point has been reached (compare to field capacity, gravitational water, permanent wilting point, and saturation point).
available water
movement of water, minerals, or photosynthates longitudinally within a tree.
axial transport
point of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem.
axil
bud in the axil of a leaf. Lateral bud.
axillary bud
shoot rising at the axil of a leaf.
axillary shoot
