global inequality Flashcards

1
Q

is global inequality increasing and causing higher risks? think about it

A

?

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2
Q

how are hybrid risks produced?

A

by interactions between the economy and the environment

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3
Q

why do some believe there is no such thing as a natural disaster?

A

the interaction between many severe risks is predictable and understandable.

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4
Q

what does inequality shape?

A

shapes the distribution of effects and affects the outcomes.

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5
Q

what does global warming and urbanization show in coastal regions?

A

financial shock, recessions undermine livelihood, economic shocks, and changes, undermining livelihood.

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6
Q

what is the risk of poverty?

A

being born in the wrong place, risk of place of birth is a very high risk.

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7
Q

what counts as extreme poverty?

A

1.9 dollars to spend a day.

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8
Q

how many people live in extreme poverty?

A

750 million

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9
Q

which country has declined the most in extreme poverty?

A

East Asia and Pacific

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10
Q

what are factors in shaping risk exposure?

A

wealth and living standards.

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11
Q

what are strong links to other poverty dimensions?

A

clean water, sanitation, education, housing, disease.

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12
Q

why are the poor more valuable?

A

they are totally dependent on natural resources.

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13
Q

what is resilience to do with the poor?

A

how they come back up from a shock or natural disaster.

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14
Q

why does inequality lower resilience?

A

as they don’t trust the government, there is a lack of trust and hence social networks can hinder resilience.

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15
Q

why might inequality be beneficial?

A

if it can encourage economic growth. absolute level of income is one key to understand vulnerability and resilience.

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16
Q

what happens if you increase vulnerability?

A

lowers demands and consumptions, lowers opportunities. countries less likely to invest in public services. erodes trust in societies, less pressure on political situation.

17
Q

how do you measure inequality?

A

Gini coefficient, income shares of top X percent, or income ratios.

18
Q

what is the Gini coefficient?

A

an index that takes everyone’s income/wealth, and measures inequality, varies between 0 and 1. 0 means everyone earns identical income, perfect equality, 1 means 1 person has all the income- perfect inequality.

19
Q

what is the income ratio?

A

measure inequality. the ratio of the average income of the top 10 percent against top 10 of bottom.

20
Q

what are the 3 measures of inequality?

A

between (inter), within (intra), and global.

21
Q

what is between (inter) inequality?

A

compare average income across countries, all people in a country assume to be identical.

22
Q

what is within (intra) inequality?

A

distribution of income within a country, does the distribution change over time? the reversal in inequality trends. inverted U in the relation between regional inequality and economic development.

23
Q

what is global inequality?

A

takes each person as a point in a global pool. lines up least to most income.

24
Q

what is the elephant graph?

A

its a graph which shows the global inequality, percentiles of global income distribution, and the years.

25
Q

who are the losers in the elephant graph?

A

the very poor, in sub-saharan Africa, and elsewhere. where income remains almost unchanged over this period.
also, citizens of rich countrues with stagnating incomes, pus much of the population of former communist countries.

26
Q

who are the winners in the elephant graph?

A
the middle class in emerging economies, China and India. 
also, the very ricj, about top 12% of US citizens and 3-6% from UK, Japan, France, Germany and the top 1% from BRaxil, Russia and South Africa.
27
Q

what is the squeezed bottom?

A

bottom 90% in US and Europe. doesnt cahnge over time. class and location are equal.