Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Glands can be classified based on

A
# of cells in a gland 
relationship to the surface lining and surrounding tissues
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2
Q

Describe the difference between unicellular and multicellular glands

A

unicellular
-specialized cells scattered throughout an epithelium
-goblet cells–> respiratory, digestive, urinary tract
Multicellular
-composed of more than one cell
-varying degrees of complexity

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3
Q

Exocrine glands secrete product?

A

directly onto a surface or through epithelial ducts that are connected to the surface (gut lumen, skin surface)

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4
Q

Describe characteristics of endocrine glands in mammals

A

-ductless gland system
-high vascularity allows for increased blood flow
-functionally related to nervous system
-

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5
Q

Compare the endocrine and nervous system in terms of:

specificity, speed and response time

A
E= broad, slower, prolonged response
N= specific, fast, short response
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6
Q

Describe the different arrangements of the endocrine gland

A

follicles- thyroid
cords- adrenal
nests or clumps - parathyroid

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7
Q

The pituitary gland develops from which two structures

A

Rathke’s pouch- ectodermal evagination of the developing guy (oropharynx)
Neuroectodermal downgrowth of the diencephalon

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8
Q

What is the cleft in the pituitary gland called?

A

hypophyseal cleft

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9
Q

What are the 3 areas within the adenophysis (endocrine control)

A
Par distalis
pars intermedia
-adjacent to neurophysis 
pars tuberalis 
-adjacent/surrounding infundibular stalk
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10
Q

What is the infundibular stalk?

A

reminent from down growth during production

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11
Q

What is the hypothalamohypophseal tract?

A

will see nerve processes within the infundibular stalk that are neurons from the hypothalamus

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12
Q

How does communication between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary work?

A

Parvocellular neurons
-neurosecretory cells secrete trophic hormones (releasing factors/hormones) into the hypophyseal portal system of adenohypophysis

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13
Q

Pars distalis

A

distal part of anterior lobe

  • major portion of adenophypohysis
  • cells arranged into cords/clusters
  • Many capillaries and sinusoids
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14
Q

Chromophiles

A

like stain

acidophils- red/pink
-pink colour= acidophils produce peptide hormones

Basophils -blue/purple
-glycoproteins produced by these cells that’s why cytoplasm looks purple

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15
Q

Chromophobes

A

we hate stain

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16
Q

Functional cell types identified with PAS-OG

A

Acidophils

  • somatotroph- secrete growth hormone
    - medium, oval/angular, orange cytoplasm prominent nucleoli
  • mammotroph- secrete prolactin
    - large, polygonal/angular, purple-pink cytoplasm

Basophils

  • gonadotrophs– secrete FSH and LH
    - large, round, granular deep purple black cytoplasm
  • thyrotrophs
    - small,angular, oval nucleus, very dense deep purple-black
17
Q

Pars intermedia

A
  • narrow band
  • close association with pars nervosa
  • hypophyseal cleft separates from pars distalis
  • basophilic cells arranged in layers
  • most are melanotrophs- melanocyte stimulating hormone
18
Q

Pars tuberalis

A
  • collar around infundibular stalk
  • basophillic cells are arranged in clusters/rosettes
  • many veins/venules
  • gonadotrophs
19
Q

Magnocellular neurons

A
  • peptidergic neurosecretory cells
  • terminate within neurohypophysis–> herring body
  • ADH, oxytocin
20
Q

Pars nervosa

A

zones of the infundibular stalk
herring bodies
pituicytes (glial cells of pituitary)

21
Q

Is it easier or harder to see a herring with H&E?

A

difficult to see herring body

-easier to see with trichome

22
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid

A

Bi-lobed in most mammalian species
In general, lobes are connected by the isthmus (also glandular)
Function is essential to normal growth and development

23
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid?

24
Q

What structure of the thyroid can be very thick in ruminants

A

CT capsule with trabeculae and septa

25
Follicular cells within the thyroid are
- epithelial cells that form the follicles - simple cuboidal secretory cells - microvilli on apical surface (hard to see) - lumen of the follicle filled with colloidal substance (T3 and T4) - homogenous eosinophillic material - may see vacuoles
26
Parathyroid gland
``` embedded in the thyroid Capsule surrounds the parathyroid -extends within the parathyroid to form trabeculae/septa (white arrows) -dense irregular CT -highly vascularized Chief cells (principal cells) -compose majority of the parathyroid -deeply basophilic and uniform cuboidal secretory cells -parathyroid hormone (PTH) ```
27
Oxyphils are common in?
humans, horses, large ruminants | -no known secretory role
28
What are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland
cortex and medulla | -the adrenal glands are encapsulated by CT
29
Function of the cortex
steroids - mineralocorticoids- zona glomerulus - aldosterone - glucocorticoids- zona fasiculata- cortisol - Zona reticularis- sex hormones estrogen and androgen
30
Function of the medulla
catecholamines - epinephrine (adrenalin) - norepinephrine (noradrenalin)
31
Zona glomerulosa/arcuata
first layer under the capsule species difference in cell arrangement -glomerulosa- ruminants, pig (clusters or cords with glomerular appearance) -arcuata- horses, dog (columnar cells arranged in arches) Zona intermedia -prominent in horses, ruminants -transitional zone to undifferentiated cells between z.glomerulosa and z.fasiculata
32
Zona fasiculata
- most extensive - spongiocytes - may appear vacuolated - cuboidal or polyhedral in shape - arranged in regular rows/cords - cords radiate away from medulla
33
Zona reticularis
- innermost layer adjacent to the medulla - cells are smaller and arranged in interlacing anastomising cords - may see sinusoids
34
Medulla H&E
cells in groups, cords stellate with round nucleus faint basophilic cytoplasm
35
Chromaffin reaction in the medulla
K2Cr2O7- potassium dichromate oxidizes catecholamines- brown call chromaffin cells