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Anatomie > Glandele endocrine > Flashcards

Glandele endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

glandele endocrine

A 
glande cu secretie interna ale caror cel prod subst active- hormoni secretati direct in sange
org ce cont epitelii secretorii endocrine, tesut conj, vase de sange si nervi
hipofiza
suprarenalele
tiroida
paratiroidele
testiculele
ovarele
pancreasul insular
timusul
epifiza
placenta - temporar
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2
Q

hormoni

A

subst chim specif care act la dist de locul sintezei si produc ef caracteristice

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3
Q

org ce au si rol endocrin

A

antrul piloric - gastrina
duodenul - 6-8 hormoni cu rol in regl activ mot si secret a ap dig
rinichiul - renina si eritropoetina

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4
Q

neurosecretia

A

neuroni hipotalamici si ai altor org nerv au activ secretorie - funct endocrina

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5
Q

sist endocrin

A

sist anatomo-funct complex
controlat de sist nerv si are rol de a regl si coord pe cale umorala activ dif org pe care le integr in ansamblul funct org
princ rol al gl endo e regl metab cel

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6
Q

hipofiza / gl pituitara

A 
localizata la baza encefalului
inapoia chiasmei optice
pe saua turceasca a osului sfenoid
forma rotunjita 
diametrul de 1,3 cm
cantareste 500 mg, 0,5 g
3 lobi: anterior, mijociu/ intermediar, posterior
lob anterior(75% masa hipofizei)+lob intermediar(2% lama epiteliala aderenta la lobul posterior)=adenohipofiza
lob posterior=nerohipofiza
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7
Q

rel hipofiza hipotalamuz

A

anatomice si funct
anatomic, hipofiza e legat de acesta prin tija pituitara
intre reg med a hipotalamusului si adenhipofiza - leg vasc - sist port-hpotalamo-hipofizar descris de gr t popa si unna fielding
hipotal ant si neurohipofiza- tractul nervos hipotalamo-hipofizar
prin ac leg si prin prod de neurosecr, hipotal cont si regl secr hipofizei, iar prin ea coord activ intregului sist endocr

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8
Q

adenohipofiza

A

partea ant
se intinde si post, inconj aproape complet neurohipofiza
hormonii sunt glandulotropi, avand ca org tinta alte gl endo ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH si nonglandulotropi STH, prolactina
prez capilare

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9
Q

STH

A

h somatotrop, de crestere
st impreuna cu insulina, hormonii tiroidieni si gonadici, cresterea org
condrogeneza la niv cart de crestere metafizare/ diafizoepifizare, det cresterea in lung a oaselor
maj ef se prod indirect, prin act unui sist de fact de crestere, somatomedine
dupa pubertate, ingrosarea oaselor lungi si dez oaselor late
st cresterea muschior si a viscerelor, exceptie creier
retentie Ca, Na, K, P, N

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10
Q

hipersecretie STH

A

consecinte in funct de varsta, asupra dez somatice si metabolice
inainte de pubertate-gigantismul, talii de peste 2m, cresterea exagerata in lungime a extremitatilor; intelectul nu este afectat
dupa pubertate-acromegalia, cresterea exagerata a oaselor fetei, a mandibulei, a oaselor late in gen, dar si ingrosarea buzelor, cresterea viscerelor-inima, ficat, rinichi, limba, alungirea exagerata a mainilor si picioarelor

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11
Q

hiposecretia STH

A

piticism/ nanism hipofizar
la copil, oprirea cresterii somatice, dar nu si a celei neuropsihice
talie mica, 120-130cm, prop dez, intelect normal

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12
Q

prolactina

A

LTH, mamotrop/ luteotrop
st secretia lactata a gl mamare, sens de estrogeni si progesteron
inhibitor ala activ gonadotrope, capabila sa prev ovulatia
in afara sarcinii, secretia e stim de ef fizic, stres psihic si chirurgical, hipoglicemie, somn
in timpul sarcinii, secretia creste gradat, atinge un vf la nastere si rev la niv de control dupa aprox 8 zile
suptul det cresterea temp a secr

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13
Q

ACTH

A

h adenocorticotrop/ cortcotropina
stim activ secr a gl corticosuprarenale, cresc conc sangvina a glucocorticoizilor si hormonilor sexosteroizi
asupra mineralocorticoizilor, ef reduse
in afara act indirecte, ACTH stim direct melanogeneza in cel pigmentare/ melanocite prod inchiderea cul pielii

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14
Q

hipersecretie ACTH

A

ef excesului de glucocorticoizi

ef melanocito-stimulatoare, diabet bronzat

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15
Q

hiposecretia ACTH

A

ef caract def de glucocorticoizi

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16
Q

TSH

A

h tireotrop/ tireostimulina
stim sinteza si secr de h tiroidieni
hipersecretie-hipertiroidism-boala basedou
hiposecretia-insuf tiroidiana

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17
Q

h gonadotropi

A

gonadostimulinele

contr funct gonadelor

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18
Q

FSH

A

h foliculostimulant
barbati-dez tubilor seminiferi, spermatogeneza
femeie-cresterea si maturarea foliculului de graaf si secr de estrogeni

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19
Q

LH

A

h luteinizant
barbati-stim secr de androgeni de catre cel interstitiale testiculare leydig
femeie-ovulatia si aparitia corpului galben, a carei secretie de progesteron si estrogeni o stimuleaza

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20
Q

lobul intermediar/ mijlociu

A

2% din masa hipofizei
anatomic, face parte din adenohipofiza
MSH/ h melanocitostimulant/ h de stim pigmatogeneza, are acelasi precursor ca ACTH
hipotalamusul secr h de inhibare MSH

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21
Q

lob posterior

A

neurohipofiza
h elib in circ: vasopresina/ ADH/ h antidiuretic si oxitocina
sunt secr in hipotal ant, punerea in circ se face sub infl hipotal prin tija pituitara
prez tesut nervos, dar nu si cel nervoase
prez cel gliale
neur de la niv hipotal sunt multipolari

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22
Q

vasopresina

A

ADH
princ, cr abs fac a apei la niv tubilor distali si colectori ai nefronului
in afara de red vol si conc urinei, red secr tuturor gl exocrine, contr la ment vol lichidelor org
hipersecretie-vasoconstrictie
hiposecretie-pierderei mare de apa prin urina, 20l in 24h
diabetul insipid-leziuni ale hipotal/ neurohipofizei

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23
Q

oxitocina

A

ocitocina
contractia musc net a uterului gravid, mai ales in preajma travaliului
expulzia laptelui din gl mamara, dat contr cel epiteliale care inconj alveolele

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24
Q

gl supraren

A

gl pereche, forma piramidala, loc la polul sup al rinichiului
corticala/ periferica - zo glomerurala, fasciculara, reticulara
medulara
cele 2 dif embriologic, anatomic, funct

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25
Q

Corticosuprarenala/ CSR

A

secr h de nat lipidica, se sintetizeaza din colesterol, rol vital
in funct de act: mineralocorticoizi, glucocorticoizi, sextosteroizi

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26
Q

mineralocorticoizii

A

rep princ aldosteronul
rol in met sarurilor minerale, det reabs Na in locc de K/ H, pe care ii secreta la niv tubilor uriniferi distali si colectori -> kalilurie si acidurie
reabs Na e insot de reabs Cl
reabs H2O e cons gradientului osmotic prod de transp NaCl
prin act de retinere a Na in org, are rol in ment pres osmotice a mediului int a org si a vol sangv, echilibrul acido-bazic
cel tinta princ ar fi nefronul
cel tinta asem gl sudoripare, salivare si colice

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27
Q

hipersecretie aldosteron

A

boala Conn
retentii masive de apa si sare, edeme
hipertens

28
Q

hiposecretia aldosteron

A

boala Addison
insuf globala a CSR
pierdere de sare si apa, adinamie-scaderea cap de efort
hipotens

29
Q

glucocorticoizi

A

cortizon
hidrocortizon/ cortizol
circula legati de prot plasm
o mica fract lib a cortizolului are ef specif

30
Q

act c asupra sist osos

A

catabolism

sint mat org si abs intest a Ca

31
Q

act c org hematopoetice si sit imun

A

cr nr de neutrofile, plachete, hematii - nph
sc nr bazofile circulante, eozinofile, limfocite circulante (limfopenie) - bel
cr stab membr lizozomale

32
Q

act c funct sup SNC

A

nec pt integritate

sc cant lor det modif EEG, alterarea personalitatii, modif senzoriale

33
Q

rol fiz in met int protidic

A

cr catabolismul in muschii scheletici
cr anabololismul in ficat
cr CMAF

34
Q

rol fiz in met int glucidic

A

hiperglicemie

35
Q

rol fiz met int lipidic

A

cr lipoliza si conc ac grasi plasmatici

36
Q

hipersecr glucocorticoizi

A

sindr Cushing

semnele deregl met int - obezitate, diabet, hipertens

37
Q

hiposecr gluco

A

boala Addison

38
Q

h sexosteroizi

A

act lor o completeaza pe cea a celor sexuali
rol in aparitia si dez caract sexuale sec
androgeni - asem celor secr de testicul - cresterea barbieie si mustatii, dez laringe si ingrosarea vocii, dez scheletului si a masei musc
estrogeni - asem celor secr de ovare - dez gl mam, dep lip pe solduri si coapse

39
Q

medulosuprarenala/ MSR

A

port med a gl supraren
anatomic si funct, e gang simpatic, neuronii sai nu au prelungiri
h - catecolamine - adrenalina/ epinefrina 80%, noradrenalina/ norepinefrina 20%
act e identica cu stim SNS
sunt si med chim

40
Q

h MSR - ap cardiovasc

A 
tahicardie
vasoconstrictie
hipertens
cr excitabilitatea inimii
A: dilata vasele musc si le contr pe cele din piele, muc, viscere
N: act vasoconstr
41
Q

h MSR - ap resp

A

relax musc net

dilat bronhii

42
Q

h MSR - tub dig

A

relax musc net a peretilor
contract sfincterelor
inhiba maj secr
contract splina si ficat

43
Q

h MSR - met glucidic si lipidic

A 
glicogenoliza
hiperglicemie
mobilizarea gras din rez
catab ac grasi
A: ef pred met si energ
44
Q

h MSR - alte ef

A 
dilata pupila
contr fibrele netede ale musc erectori ai firelor de par
alerta corticala
anxietate 
frica
stim sist reticulat asc activ
45
Q

h corticalei si medularei

A

secr stim in cond de stres - incordare neuropsihica, emotii, traumatisme, frig/ caldura excesiva
rol in react de aparare a org in fata agres int si ext

46
Q

tiroida

A

loc ant gat, in loja tiroidei- capsula fibroasa
2 lobi uniti prin istmul tiroidian
tesutul secretor-parenchim gland- cel epiteliale org in foliculi ce au in int coloid, mat vascos, omogen
el cont tireoglobulina- prot sint de cel foliculare - forma de dep a h tiroidieni, tiroxina si triiodotironina
prin iodarea mol de tirozina - aminoacid - din struct tireoglobulinei - h tiroidieni
sinteza si elib in sange sub act TSH hipofizar
intre folicolii tiroidieni - cel parafoliculare/ cel C - secr calcitonina - h hipocalcemiant - fixarea Ca in oase
reglarea secr - mec de feedback hipotalamo-hipofizo-tiroidian

47
Q

ef glob h tirod

A 
cresc met bazal si cons de en
au rol in procesele morfogenetice, de crestere si dif cel si tis - act manif pregnant la niv SN
met int: gl - hiperglicemie
lip - ef hipocolesterolemiant
prot - catabolism
48
Q

ef h tiroid ap cardio-vasc

A

cr forta si frecv contr cardiace

vasodilatatie

49
Q

ef h tirod m schel

A

cr tonusul, forta de contract si prompt rasp/ r de tip miotatic

50
Q

ef h tirod ap resp

A

cr amplitudinea si frecv misc resp

51
Q

ef h tirod SN

A

stim dif neuronala
dez nor a sin
mielinizarea

52
Q

hipofunct tiroidiana

A

cons in funct de varsta
copil - incet dez somatice si psihice, poate merge pana la cretinism
adult - dim atentiei, memoriei si cap de inv
indif de varsta, proc met incetinesc, met baz e scazut, tesuturile sunt imbibate cu un edem muscos/ mixedem, pielea uscata, ingrosata, caderea parului, senz de frig

53
Q

hiperfunct tiroidiana

A

cr met baz cu 100%
tulburari funct prin acc ef fiziologice ale h
in unele cazuri, apre exoftalmie/ protuzia gl oculari

54
Q

gusa endemica

A

cr anatomica a gl, hipofunct

prez subt chim oxidante, subst gusogene, act lor duce la hipertrofia gl in reg sarace in iod

55
Q

paratiroidele

A

4 gl mici
cate 2 pe fata post a lobilor tiroidieni
cel princ secr parathormonul
cel parafoliculare, identice cu cel C din tiroida secr calcitonina

56
Q

parathormonul

A

PTH
activ asupra ochiului, rinichiului si tubului dig prin ef dir sau ef vit D3 a carei secr o contr
hipercalcemie si hipofosfatemie
activeaza osteoclastele
creste abs intest a Ca
stim reabs tubulara a Ca in nefronul distal
inhiba reabs tub a fosfatilor anorganici
hipercalcemia ingiba secr de PTH si invers
hipersecr: rarefierea oaselor-fracturi spontane, Ca aflat in exces in sange se dep in tesuturi sau for caliculi urinari

57
Q

calcitonina pt

A

stim dec al secr CT e hipercalcemia

rez gl al ef e hipocalcemia

58
Q

panc endocrin

A

contr met int lip, gl, prot prin h secr
for din insule de cel endocrine - ins Lagerhans ce cont cel a 20% secr glucagon si cel b 60-70% secr insulina desc de Paulescu in 1921
Bantiag si McLeod au luat Nobl pt redesc in 1922
insulina e sg h cu ef anabolizant pt met interm si sg h hipoglicemiant

59
Q

ef insulinei asupra met glucidic

A

ficat - cr glicogenogeneza, sc gluconeogeneza
t adipos - cr transp de glucoza si sinteza de glicerol
muschi - cr transportul de glucoza si glicoliza si sinteza de glicogen

60
Q

ef insulinei asupra met lipidic

A

ficat - cr lipogeneza
t adipos - cr sinteza trigliceridelor, acizilor grasi si enz lipogenetice
- sc lipoliza

61
Q

ef insulinei asupra met proteic

A

ficat - sc proteoliza

muschi - cr captarea aminoacizilor si sinteza proteica

62
Q

deficit de insulina

A

diabet zaharat
boala met caract val crescute ale glicemiei la det repetate
prez hiperglicemie, glicozurie, polilurie, polidipsie, polifagie, dezechilibre acido-bazice si electrolitice
complicatiile - compromiterea morfofunct a unor tesuturi si org ca SN, cardiovasc, excretor

63
Q

exces insulina

A

hipoglicemie severa

compromite dramatic fiunct SN

64
Q

ef glucagon

A

met gl - cr glicogenoliza si gluconeogeneza
met lip - cr lipoliza
met prot - cr proteoliza
cr forta de contr miocardica si secretia biliara
sc secretia gastrica

65
Q

epifiza

A

gl pineala
loc intre tuberculii cvadrigemeni sup
intra in comp epitalamusului
anatomic si funct - conex cu epitalamusul cu care for sist neurosecretor epitalamo-epifizar
melatonina - act frenatoare asupra gonadelor
vasotocina - act antigonadotropica, in special anti-LH
ef met - met gl, pil, prot, min
leg cu retina - stim lum prod prin interm nervilor simp o red a melatoninei
la intuneric creste, franand funct gonadelor

66
Q

timus

A

rol de gl endo in prima parte a aontogenezei pana la pubertate
gl cu struct mixta, epiteliu secretor si org limfatic
loc retreosternala
la pubertate involueaza, insa nu dispare complet
rol de org limfatic central si gl endo
funct timusului sunt blocate de h steroizi, care det involutia org
unitatea histologica - lob timic - retea de cel reticulate intre care se afla timocite - cel hematoformatoare primordiale stem, migrate din mad hematogena si transf sub infl fact locali in cel limfoformatoare de tip T
timocitele insamanteaza org limfatice periferice - gamg limfatici, splina amigdale

67
Q

ef timus

A

nu se stiu h dar se stiu ef:
act de franare a dez gonadelor
act de stim a mineralizarii osoase
ef de oprire a mitozelor

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