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Anatomy > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

omenta are

A

double folds passing from the stomach and duodenum to other organs

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2
Q

arterial branches in the GI tract gain access to peritonised organs through

A

the double folds of peritoneum

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3
Q

the peritoneal cavity contains

A

only peritoneal fluid

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4
Q

the peritoneal cavity is anatomically divided into

A

the greater and lesser (omental bursa) sacs

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5
Q

the greater and omental bursa are linked by

A

the epiploic foramen

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6
Q

upper right quadrant is called

A

the right hypochondrium

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7
Q

middle upper quadrant is called

A

epigastrium

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8
Q

upper left quadrant Is called

A

left hypochondrium

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9
Q

right middle quadrant is called

A

right lumbar

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10
Q

middle quadrant is called

A

periumbilical

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11
Q

left middle quadrant is called

A

left lumbar

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12
Q

lower middle quadrant is called

A

hypogastrium

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13
Q

lower right quadrant is called

A

iliac fossa

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14
Q

lower left quadrant is called

A

iliac fossa

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15
Q

the oesophagus has how many constrictions and what are they called?

A

cervical (15cm)
thoracic (27cm)
diaphragmatic (40cm)

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16
Q

the stomach consists of anatomically

A

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric, antrum, greater and lesser curvatures

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17
Q

the portal triad contains

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct

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18
Q

gallbladder can store up to

A

50ml of bile

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19
Q

cystic artery lies in the triangle of

A

calot

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20
Q

the triangle of calot is

A

between common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of the liver

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21
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

pancreatic juice

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22
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

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23
Q

pancreas lies along what plane?

A

transpyloric L1/L2

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24
Q

the pancreas is retro or peritoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

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25
Q

the spleen is related to what ribs

A

9-11

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26
Q

the main trunk to the foregut is

A

celiac trunk

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27
Q

the origin of the celiac trunk is

A

T12 aorta

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28
Q

the main branches of the celiac trunk is

A

the left gastric artery, the hepatic artery and the splenic artery

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29
Q

midgut structures include

A

small intestine, 2/3rds of the duodenum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, 2/3rds of transverse colon.

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30
Q

midgut blood supply is from

A

superior mesenteric artery

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31
Q

origin of the superior mesenteric artery is

A

aorta L1

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32
Q

the main branches of the superior mesenteric artery is

A

jejunal and ileal

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33
Q

the hindgut structures include

A

left 1/3rd of transverse colon, signmoid colon, rectum and upper part of anal canal.

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34
Q

the blood supply for the hindgut is

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

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35
Q

the large intestine can be identified from its

A

omental appendices, sacculations and teniae coli

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36
Q

teniae coli is

A

thick bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal layer)

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37
Q

the most common position for the appendix is

A

retrocecal

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38
Q

Macburney’s point is

A

site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis

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39
Q

origin of the inferior mesenteric artery is

A

L3 aorta

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40
Q

the branches for the inferior mesenteric artery is

A

left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal.

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41
Q

parasympathetic innervation is from

A

vagus nerve 10 and pelvic splanchnic nerves s2,s3,s4

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42
Q

sympathetic innervation is from

A

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves greater T5-T9, lesser T10-11 and least T12

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43
Q

the portal vein is formed by

A

union of the splenic vein with the superior mesenteric vein

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44
Q

location of the portal vein is from the

A

pancreas L2

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45
Q

portocaval shunts sites are

A

anorectal, gastroesophageal and umbilical

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46
Q

majority of the lymph drainage is done by

A

the thoracic duct.

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47
Q

foregut is drained lymphatically by the nodes

A

celiac group

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48
Q

mid gut lymph nodes are

A

superior mesenteric group

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49
Q

hindgut lymph nodes are the

A

inferior mesenteric group

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50
Q

contents of inguinal canal in men

A

spermatic cord

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51
Q

contents of inguinal canal in females

A

round ligament

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52
Q

the inguinal canal in both sexes contains

A

blood, lymphatics, ilioinguinal nerve

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53
Q

inguinal canal runs parallel and superior to what

A

inguinal ligament

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54
Q

what are the four distinct layers of the GI canal

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa/adventitia

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55
Q

the musoca of the GI tract can be broken down into

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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56
Q

epithelium of the mouth, oesophagus, and anal canal are

A

stratified squamous

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57
Q

epithelium of the stomach, small intestine and the large intestine are

A

simple columnar

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58
Q

the submucosa is what and contains what

A

thick irregular connective tissue and contains neurones, blood vessels and lymph

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59
Q

stomach blood is drained by

A

gastric veins

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60
Q

pancreas’s blood is drained by

A

the splenic vein

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61
Q

small intestine, caecum, ascending colon and transverse colon blood flow is drained by

A

superior mesenteric vein

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62
Q

the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum are blood are drained by

A

inferior mesenteric vein

63
Q

the hepatic portal vein drains

A

the gastric, splenic, superior and inferior mesenteric veins

64
Q

the hepatic portal vein is drained by

A

hepatic vein

65
Q

the hepatic vein is drained by

A

inferior vena cava

66
Q

innervation of the external oblique

A

thoraco-abdominal nerves; anterior rami of T7-T11 and subcostal nerve

67
Q

innervation of the internal oblique and transversus abdominas

A

thoraco-abdominal nerves; anterior rami of T7-T11 subcostal and first lumbar nerve

68
Q

rectus abdominas innervation

A

thoraco abdominal and subcostal nerves; anterior rami of T7-T12

69
Q

action of external oblique

A

compress and support abdominal viscera; flexion and rotation

70
Q

action of internal oblique

A

compress and support abdominal viscera; flexion and rotation

71
Q

action of transversus abdominis

A

compresses and supports abdominal viscera

72
Q

action of rectus abdominas

A

flexes trunk and compresses abdominal viscera whilst stabilising and controls tilt of pelvis

73
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

white fibrous connective tissue

74
Q

umbilical position vertebrate

75
Q

acruate line is

A

horizontal line that marks lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath

76
Q

inguinal ligament is attached to

A

anterior iliac spine and pubic symphisis

77
Q

anterior wall of the inguinal canal

A

external oblique aponeurosis

78
Q

posterior wall of the inguinal canal

A

transversalis fascia

79
Q

floor of the inguinal canal

A

inguinal ligament

80
Q

what is the relationship between the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessel

81
Q

superior epigastric vessel is a branch of the

A

internal thoracic

82
Q

inferior epigastric vessel is a branch of

A

external iliac artery

83
Q

superior epigastric vessel supplies

A

upper rectus abdominas

84
Q

inferior epigastric vessel supplies

A

lower rectus abdominas

85
Q

describe how the greater and lesser omentum sacs communicate

A

the omental foremen

86
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

kidney, ureter, adrenal gland and rectum

87
Q

intraperitoneal organs

A

spleen, stomach, liver, small intestine

88
Q

what layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain , heat and cold

89
Q

psoas major innervation and function

A

lumbar plexus via anterior branches of nerves L2-L4 aids with flexing thigh and flexes vertebral column laterally for balance when sitting and flexion of trunk

90
Q

illiacus innervation and function

A

femoral nerves L2-L4 and flexes thigh and stabilizes joint with psoas major

91
Q

quadratus lumborum innervation and function

A

anterior branches of T12 and L1-L4 and it extends and flexes vertebral column

92
Q

what are the three openings in the diaphragm and their vertebral levels

A

caval (T8) esophageal (T10) aortic T12

93
Q

what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

94
Q

what does the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves supply

A

foregut, midgut and hindgut

95
Q

order of kidney hilum

A

vein, artery, ureter

96
Q

what is the term for the expanded upper part of the ureter

A

renal pelvis

97
Q

where are the three constrictions of the ureter

A

junction of the ureter and renal pelvis
crossing the pelvic brim
piercing the wall of the bladder

98
Q

what structures are within the hilum of the spleen

A

splenic artery, splenic vein, and gastrosplenic ligament

99
Q

round ligament (ligamentum teres) is the remnant of which embryological structure

A

umbilical vein

100
Q

what layer fold of peritoneum encases the porta hepatis

A

lesser omentum

101
Q

the appendix is

A

a blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue often found in the retrocecal position

102
Q

the change in rectal epithelium is indicated by the

A

dentate line

103
Q

the preaortic lymph nodes are

A

superior mesentaric, inferior mesentaeric and coeliac

104
Q

retro aortic lymph nodes drain

A

posterior abdominal wall

105
Q

the terminal artery of the IMA is

A

superior rectal artery

106
Q

liver surface anatomy, it’s located between what ribs

107
Q

location of the portal vein vertebral level

A

L2 behind the head of the pancreas

108
Q

inguinal canal lies in what relation to the inguinal ligament

A

parallel and superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament

109
Q

anterior wall of the inguinal canal is

A

external oblique aponeurosis

110
Q

posterior wall of the inguinal canal is

A

transversalis fascia and inguinal falx

111
Q

roof of the inguinal canal is the

A

transversalis fascia and internal oblique and the transversus abdominas muscle

112
Q

floor of the inguinal canal is the

A

iliopubic tract, inguinal ligaments and lacunar ligament

113
Q

retroperitoneal SADPUCKER

A

suprarenal glands, aorta/IVS, Pancreas, ureter and bladder, colon ascending and descending, kidneys, oesophagus, rectum lower 2/3rds).

114
Q

parietal peritoneum is innervated by the

A

the lower 6 thoracic nerves and L1, making it somatic and more sensitive to pain.

115
Q

supracolic compartment contains

A

stomach, liver and spleen

116
Q

infracolic compartment contains

A

small intestine, ascending, descending colon

117
Q

oesophagus arterial supply is the

A

arterial supply from the oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery, a branch of the left gastric artery, celiac trunks and left inferior phrenic artery

118
Q

gall bladder arterial supply

A

supplied by the cystic artery a branch of the right hepatic artery.

119
Q

oesophagus venous drainage

A

distally left gastric vein to the portal venous system, proximally the oesophageal vein entering the azygos vein

120
Q

oesophagus lymphatic drainage

A

left gastric lymph nodes which drain into the celiac lymph nodes

121
Q

stomach lymphatic drainage

A

gastric and gastro-omental lymph nodes to the celiac lymph nodes.

122
Q

duodenum lymphatic drainage

A

anterior lymphatic vessels that feed into the pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes and the pyloric lymph node. Posterior lymphatic vessels feed into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes. These then feed into the celiac.

123
Q

spleen lymphatic drainage

A

pancreatic splenic lymph nodes

124
Q

pancreatic lymphatic drainage

A

pancreatic splenic lymph nodes and pyloric draining into the celiac.

125
Q

liver lymphatic drainage

A

hepatic lymph nodes drain into the cisterna chyli. Posterior superficial lymph nodes drain into the phrenic lymph nodes or into the posterior mediastinal lymph nodes

126
Q

gall bladder lymphatic drainage

A

hepatic lymph nodes

127
Q

oesophagus innervation

A

vagal trunks and the thoracic sympathetic trunks via the greater splanchnic nerves and the periarterial plexus

128
Q

stomach innervation

A

parasympathetic from the anterior vagal trunk and posterior vagal trunk. Sympathetic from the T6-T9 via the celiac plexus via the greater splanchnic nerves

129
Q

duodenum innervation

A

parasympathetic from the vagus. Sympathetic from the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves via the celiac and super mesenteric peri arterial plexus

130
Q

pancreas innervation

A

vagus and the abdominosplanchnic nerves passing through the diaphragm.

131
Q

liver innervation

A

hepatic plexus of the celiac plexus from the posterior and anterior vagal trunks and sympathetic fibres.

132
Q

gall bladder innervation

A

celiac nerve plexus sympathetic and visceral arrive from here, vagus nerve and the right phrenic nerve

133
Q

gall bladder surface anatomy

A

right to the 9th costal cartilage in the midclavicular line.

134
Q

jejunum and ileum innervation

A

sympathetic T8-T10 segments via the splanchnic nerves through the celiac and SMA ganglia. Parasympathetically via the posterior vagal trunk.

135
Q

jejunum and ileum lymphatic drainage

A

lacteals that feed into the juxta intestinal lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes and the central lymph nodes. These then feed into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes.

136
Q

rectum arterial blood supply

A

inferior mesenteric artery branches to the superior rectal artery to supply the proximal part. The right and left middle rectal arteries arise from the inferior vesicle (male) or the uterine (female) arteries, the inferior rectal arteries arise from the internal pudendal arteries.

137
Q

rectum venous blood supply

A

venous drainage Is the superior rectal vein into the inferior mesenteric vein which flows into the poral system, and the middle and inferior flow into systemic.

138
Q

lymphatic drainage of rectum

A

superior half of the rectum there is the pararectal lymph nodes that flow to the inferior mesenteric lymph nodes. Inferior half of the rectum flow into the sacral lymph nodes into the internal iliac lymph nodes

139
Q

innervation of rectum and anal canal

A

sympathetic is from the lumbar via the hypogastric plexus, parasympathetic is via S2-S4 through the pelvic splanchnic nerves and inferior hypogastric plexus.

140
Q

gender variation in anal canal and rectum in men

A

in men the rectum lie anteriorly to the fundus of the urinary bladder, terminal parts of the ureter, ductus deferens, seminal glands and prostate.

141
Q

gender variation in anal canal and rectum in women

A

In females it is closely associated with the vagina and separated by the fornix and cervix by the recto-uterine pouch.

142
Q

internal structure of the anal canal

A

there is the columnar zone following the anorectal junction, the pectinate line then the anal pecten followed by the anocutaneous line followed by peri-anal skin.

143
Q

arterial supply of the diaphragm superior

A

superior surface supplied by the pericardiophrenic and the musculophrenic arteries branches of the internal thoracic artery and the superior phrenic artery from the thoracic aorta.

144
Q

arterial supply of diaphragm inferior

A

The inferior surface is supplied by inferior phrenic arteries branches of the abdominal arteries.

145
Q

venous supply of diaphragm superior

A

superior surface drained by the pericardiophrenic and musculophrenic veins into the internal thoracic vein and on the right the superior phrenic vein which drains into the IVC.

146
Q

inferior supply of diaphragm venous

A

inferior phrenic vein drains blood from the inferior surface of the diaphragm.

147
Q

innervation of the diaphragm

A

motor supply is from the right and left phrenic arteries arising from the anterior rami of C3-C5, peripherally it may be supplied from the intercoastal and subcostal nerves.

148
Q

cisterna chyli location

149
Q

thoracic journey through the abdomen

A

The thoracic duct then continues through the aortic hiatus into the diaphragm and ultimately ends at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins

150
Q

ureter journey through the abdomen

A

the ureters run anterior to the psoas major and the tips of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and crosses the external iliac artery just beyond the bifurcation of the common iliac. They then run along the lateral wall of the pelvis to enter the urinary bladder.

151
Q

diaphragm caval opening

152
Q

oesophageal opening in diaphragm

153
Q

aortic hiatus opening in diaphragm

Anatomy (18 decks)

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