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Physiology I Block 3 > GI Secretions > Flashcards

GI Secretions Flashcards

1
Q

what secretion is in saliva

A 
HCO3-
K+
hypotonic
α amylase
lingual lipase
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2
Q

what increase salivary secretion

A

parasympathetic & sympathetic

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3
Q

what decrease salivary secretion

A

sleep, dehydration, atropine

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4
Q

what secretion in gastric secretion

A

HCl
mucin
pepsinogen
intrinsic factor

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5
Q

what increase secretion of HCl

A

gastrin
Ach
histaine

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6
Q

what increase secretion of pepsinogen

A

PNS

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7
Q

what decrease gastric secretion

A 
H+ in stomach
chyme in duodenum
somatostatin
atropine
cimetidine
omeprazole (prilosec)
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8
Q

what are the three major salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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9
Q

what does parotid gland secrete

A

secretes salt, water and enzymes that moisten food to enhance taste and digestion, provide some antibacterial action, and keep a more alkaline pH to protect teeth and mouth from gastric and food acids

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10
Q

what do submandibular and sublingual glands secrete

A

mostly mucus

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11
Q

what kinds of cells in parotid gland

A

serous cells

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12
Q

what do serous cells secrete

A

watery fluid with ions and enzymes, not mucousy

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13
Q

what kinds of cells in submandibular and sublingual glands

A

mixed mucous

serous cells

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14
Q

what do mucous cells secrete

A

mucin glycoprotein

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15
Q

what is xerostomia

A

deficient salivation

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16
Q

pts with xerostomia have greater risk for

A

dental cavities

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17
Q

describe serous acinar cells

A

zymogen granules that contain amylase

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18
Q

describe mucus acinar cells

A

secrete glycoprotein mucins

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19
Q

describe ductal cells

A

alter electrolyte concentrations in saliva

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20
Q

describe myoepithelial cells

A

eject saliva into mouth when stimulated by neuronal input

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21
Q

what is the functional unit of the salivary gland

A

salivon

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22
Q

the salivon consists of

A

acinus, the intercalated duct, the striated duct, and the excretory (collecting duct).

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23
Q

what is function of kallikrein

A

enzyme that acts on kininogen to release bradykinin – vasodilator which accounts for high salivary blood flow during increased salivary activity

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24
Q

draw out salivon

A

pg 9

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25
Q

what cells make initial saliva

A

acinar cells

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26
Q

what cells modify initial saliva

A

ductal cells

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27
Q

describe the fluid produced by acicnar cells that makes initial saliva

A

isotonic fluid w/ same electrolyte composition as plasma

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28
Q

striated duct epithelium is impermeable to

A

water

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29
Q

striated duct epithelium transports

A

salts

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30
Q

describe absorption and secretion of striated duct

A

abosrbs sodium and Cl-

secretes K+ and HCO3-

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31
Q

the striated duct epithelium does what to final secretion

A

makes it hypotonic but alkaline

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32
Q

saliva is always _____ to plasma

A

hypotonic

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33
Q

describe flow rates and what they do regarding saliva and ductal cells

A

low flow rate: the ductal cell has time to exchange ions. the result is that the saliva is much different from plasma, it has low concentrations of Na+ and Cl- and high concentation of K+
high flow rate: the ductal cell has less time to exhange ions. result is that saliva is not as much different from plasma.

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34
Q

kallikrein acts on

A

kininogen

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35
Q

kininogen releases what when akllikrein acts on it

A

lysyl-bradykinin

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36
Q

what does lysyl-bradykinin do

A

causes dilation of blood vessels supplying salivary glands

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37
Q

what does vasoactive intestinal peptide do

A

increases blood flow to salivary glandq

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38
Q

what does VIP stand for

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

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39
Q

draw out the salivary ductal cell and the ion exchange in it

A

pg 11

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40
Q

blood flow in salivary glands is controlled by what system

A

PNS

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41
Q

draw out the PNS and SNS regulation of saliva

A

pg 14

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42
Q

what are the four major components of gastric juice

A

HCl
pepsinogen
intrinsic factor
mucus

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43
Q

what is function of HCl

A

acidic

initiates process of digestion

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44
Q

what is function of pepsinogen

A

initiates process of protein digestion

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45
Q

what is function of intrinsic factor

A

needed for absorption of vitamin B12

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46
Q

what part of stomach secretes HCl, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen

A

body and fundus

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47
Q

what part of stomach secrete gastrin & somatostatin

A

antrum

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48
Q

all regions of stomach secrete

A

mucus

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49
Q

oxyntic also means

A

acid secreting

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50
Q

describe oxynitic gland of stomach

A

in body

empties secretory products, containsmucus cells, parietal cells, chief cells

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51
Q

what do mucous neck cells secrete

A

clear mucus

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52
Q

what do parietal cells secrete

A

HCl

intrinsic factor

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53
Q

what do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

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54
Q

what kind of glands are in antrum of stomach

A

pyloric glands

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55
Q

what kinds of cells in pyloric glands

A

G cell

mucous cell

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56
Q

what do g cells secrete

A

gastrin

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57
Q

what do mucous neck cells in antrum secrete

A

mucus
HCO3-
pepsinogen

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58
Q

parietal cells are also called

A

oxyntic cells

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59
Q

chief cells are also aclled

A

peptic cells

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60
Q

the reason we need such a low pH in stomach is for

A

pepsinogen to become active → pepsin, to begin protein digestion

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61
Q

how do hydrogen ions enter stomach

A

H K ATPase pump

62
Q

what cell are protons secreted from

A

apical membrane of parietal cells

63
Q

what drug inhibits H, K ATPase

A

omeprazole

64
Q

omeprazole is used in treatment of

A

ulcers, reduces H+ secretion

65
Q

overal, what is the net secretion and abosrption of parietal cell

A

net secretion HCl and net absorption HCO3-

66
Q

draw out the secretion and absorption of parietal cell

A

pg 23

67
Q

what three subtances stimulate H+ secretion by parietal cells

A

ACh
histamine
gastrin

68
Q

sympathetic acts mainly on what salivary glands

A

sublingual

69
Q

three ways to stimulate acid secretion

A

gastrin
Ach
Histamine (they all potentiate each other)

70
Q

what does potentiate mean

A

enhances the response of the other stimulus

71
Q

how much secretions are produced each day

A

9L/day

72
Q

parotid gland is mainly what cells

A

serous

73
Q

what side of ductal cell is the sodium potassium exchanger

A

basolateral (side of blood)

74
Q

why do you need bicarbonate in saliva

A

enzymes work at more alkaline pH

75
Q

where is Ach released from

A

vagus nerves

76
Q

ACh binds to what receptors

A

M3

77
Q

second messengers for ACh are

A

IP3/Ca2+

78
Q

what blocks muscarinic receptors on parietal cells

A

atropine

79
Q

what cell secretes gastrin

A

g cell

80
Q

where is gastrin secreted into

A

stomach antrum

81
Q

what is gastrin’s target cell

A

parietal cells

82
Q

how does gastrin reach parietal cells

A

secreted from stomach into systemic circulation and then delivered back to stomach via circulation.

83
Q

what kind of receptor does gastrin bind to on parietal cells

A

CCK receptors

84
Q

what is second messenger for gastrin

A

IP3/Ca2+

85
Q

what stimulate secretion of gastrin from stomach

A

distension of stomach
presence of small peptides and AA
vagus nerve stimulation

86
Q

what kind of receptors does Histamine bind to

A

H2 receptors

87
Q

how does histamine reach its target cell

A

paracrine mechanism

88
Q

what is the second messenger for histamine

A

cAMP

89
Q

what blocks H2 receptors

A

cimetidine

90
Q

when is little gastrin secreted

A

in response to a meal

91
Q

when is big gastrin secreted

A

b/w meals (fasting)

92
Q

what is gastrin’s response to a stimulus

A

Promotes H+ secretion by gastric parietal cells
Promotes growth of gastric mucosa
Inhibits gastric emptying

93
Q

what stimulates gastrin release

A

A meal – Small peptides and AAs
Distention of the stomach
Vagal Stimulation (GRP)

94
Q

what is potentiation

A

the ability of two stimuli to produce a combined response that is greater than the sum of the individual responses.

95
Q

rate of H+ secretion is regulated by what

A

Ach
histamine
gastrin
working alone and together

96
Q

what does cimetidine do

A

blocks H2

97
Q

what does atropine do

A

blocks muscarine (muscarine antagonist)

98
Q

how does potentiation relate to drug use for H+ release

A

if you block one pathway you could have bigger consequences than expected b/c you’re not just blocking that pathway you’re blocking the interaction b/w them

99
Q

what are the three phases of gastric HCl secretion

A

cephalic, gastric, and intestinal

100
Q

what nerve accounts for cephalic phase

A

vagus

101
Q

cephalic phase accounts for how much of total HCl secretion

A

30%

102
Q

what is stimulation for HCl secretion in cephalic phase

A

smelling and tasting, chewing, swallowing, and conditioned reflexes in anticipation of food

103
Q

what are the two mechanisms that promote HCl secretion in cephalic phase

A
  1. direct stimulation of parietal cell by vagus nerve

2. indirect stimulation of parietal cell by gastrin

104
Q

gastric phase accounts for how much of total HCl secretion

A

60%

105
Q

what is stimuli for HCl secretion in gastric phase

A

distension of stomach

presence of proteins, AA, small peptides

106
Q

what are the four mechanisms that promote HCl secretion in gastric phase

A
  1. direct stimulation of parietal cell by vagus nerve
  2. indirect stimulation of parietal cell by gastrin
  3. distension of stomach antrum → local reflexes → gastrin release
  4. AA and peptides stimulate G cells to release gastrin
107
Q

what do alcohol and caffeine do regarding secretions

A

they stimulate gastric HCl secretion

108
Q

intestinal phase accounts for how much of total HCl secretion

A

10%

109
Q

when is HCl secretion inhibited

A

when it is no longer needed for activation of pepsinogen to pepsin

110
Q

what happens with HCl when gastric contents PH is decreased

A

inhibits HCl secretion

111
Q

what does somtostatin do to HCl

A

inhibits it, directly and indirectly

112
Q

how does somatostatin directly inhibit HCl

A

binds to Gi which will inhibit adenylyl cyclase and reduce cAMP levels

113
Q

how does somatostatin indirectly inhibit HCl

A

inhibits histamine release and gastrin release

114
Q

what do prostaglandins do to HCl

A

lower HCl secretion

115
Q

how do prostaglandins lower HCl secretion

A

activate Gi and inhibit adenylyl cyclase

116
Q

what is pepsinogen

A

inactive enzyme precurosr

117
Q

what pH is pepsinogen activated to pepsin

A

below 5

118
Q

what do the salivary glands produce that has higher affinity for vitamin B12 than intrinsic factor has

A

R protein

119
Q

what happens in duodenum with vitamin B12

A

R protein can no longer bind it b/c of pancreatic proteases, so intrinsic factor takes over

120
Q

once B12 is absorbed into enterocytes what happens

A

it is transferred from IF to transcobalamin II where it will go to blood

121
Q

what is pernicious anemia

A

your body can’t absorb enough vitamin B12 to make healthy RBC

122
Q

what usually causes pernicious anemia

A

autoimmune disorder

123
Q

describe the autoimmune disorder taht usually causes pernicious anemia

A

degeneration of parietal cell → loss of IF

124
Q

what is another name for R protein

A

Haptocorrin

125
Q

stimulation of mucus cells causes

A

exocytosis of mucin into lumen of stomach

126
Q

what does prostaglandins do to mucous

A

stimulates the secretion of mucin

127
Q

name the ways the body helps protect stomach from the acid

A 
bicarb
mucous
tight epithelium
blood flow
HCl regulated
128
Q

how does bicarb protect stomach from acid

A

helps to neutralize it

129
Q

how does mucous protect stomach from acid

A

very thick and covers the epithelium. it also traps bicarb, so it keeps the cell surface to stay at pH 7

130
Q

how does blood flow help protect sotmach from acid

A

removes toxic bi products from acid secretion

131
Q

what things can harm the protective stomach barrier

A

NSAID (asprin)
stress
smoking
alcohol

132
Q

what is zollinger ellison syndrome

A

gastrin secreted by pancreatic tumor

H+ secretion and gastrin levels increase

133
Q

draw out the parietal cell and its HCl secretions

A

pg 23

134
Q

omeprazole targets

A

target decreasing acid secretion

it will lower or eliminate acid secretion

135
Q

what receptor does gastrin act on

A

CCK2

136
Q

draw out the control of HCl secretion

A

pg 25

137
Q

for little gastrin what is the minimum you can have to have it work

A

the last 4 AA

138
Q

for CCK what is minimum you can have to have it work

A

last 5 AA

139
Q

describe gastrin compared to CCK

A

the last 4 AA are the same

140
Q

GRP stands for

A

gastrin releasing peptide

141
Q

what is trophic

A

relating to feeding and nutrition

142
Q

draw out control of HCl secretion

A

pg 28

143
Q

somatostatin will stimulate Gi and inhibit

A

AC (Adenylyl cyclase)

144
Q

what does ECL stand for

A

enterochromaffin-like

145
Q

how is secretion of HCl turned off once chyme goes to duodenum

A

Somatostatin.

pH will go down and the decrease in pH will shut off parietal cells.

146
Q

why does pH go down when food leaves stomach

A

food acts as buffer

147
Q

where is haptocorrin released from

A

salivary gland

148
Q

H. pylori causes 90% of

A

ulcers

149
Q

NSAID stands for

A

non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

150
Q

H pylori increases

A

gastrin levels

151
Q

what does gastrin normally do?

A

HCl secretion

152
Q

zollinger-ellison syndrome causes issue b/c

A

gastrin levels high because of tumor then it will act on stomach and secrete more acid

Physiology I Block 3 (14 decks)

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