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Physiology I Block 3 > Digestion & Absorption - CHOs & Proteins > Flashcards

Digestion & Absorption - CHOs & Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

glucose, galactose, and galactose are all

A

monosaccharides

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2
Q

only what kind of carb is absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells

A

monosaccharides

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3
Q

digestion of starch begins with

A

α amylase

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4
Q

what happens to α amylase when it reaches stomach

A

inactivated b/c of the low pH

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5
Q

amylase in pancreas vs. saliva

A

more potent in pancreas, completes the digestion of carbs

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6
Q

amylase from pancreas that is working in SI, what does it do to starch

A

digests to disaccharide

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7
Q

if starch is digested to disaccharide, list the diasacchrides that make it up

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

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8
Q

what are the intestinal brush border enzymes

A

α dextrinase
maltase
sucrase

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9
Q

what enzymes do the final digestion of disaccharides to monosaccharides

A

brush border enzymes

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10
Q

glucose, galactose, and fructose can all be absorbed by

A

intestinal epithelial cells

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11
Q

what monosaccharides make up trehalose

A

glucose

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12
Q

what monosaccharides make up lactose

A

glucose & galactose

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13
Q

what monosaccharides make up sucrose

A

glucose & fructose

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14
Q

glucose and galactose are absorbed across what part of cell

A

apical membrane

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15
Q

what transport mechanism is used to absorb glucose and galactose

A

secondary active transport

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16
Q

what transporter is used to move glucose and galactose

A

SGLT1 (Na+ Glucose cotransporter)

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17
Q

once the cell absorbs glucose and galactose, it extrudes it into blood via what mechanism of transport

A

facilitated diffusion GLUT2

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18
Q

what transporter is used to transport glucose and galactose into blood from epithelial intestinal cell

A

GLUT2

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19
Q

what happens if there is SGLT1 cotransporter defect

A

accumulation of glucose & galactose in lumen
body can’t absorb enough water
diarrhea

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20
Q

what method of transport is used to move absorb fructose

A

facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

what is the name of the fructose transpoter in apical membrane

A

GLUT5

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22
Q

what is the name of the fructose transporter in basolateral membrane

A

GLUT2

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23
Q

fructose can never be absorbed against its

A

electrochemical gradient

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24
Q

what does ORT stand for

A

oral rehydration therapy

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25
draw out the absorption of CHOs
pg 9
26
what is the most common CHO malabsorption syndrom
lactose intolerance
27
lactose intolerance is due to decreased expression of
lactase
28
explain lactose intolerance and it's symptoms
can't absorb lactate. don't have lactase or much less lactase. since lactose stays in GI, build up of water in it, can get cramping, gas, diarrhea
29
what are two diagnostic tests for lactose intolerance
hydrogen breath test | lactose tolerance blood test
30
explain the hydrogen breath test
testing for lactose intolerance pt fasts then given pure lactose take hydrogen levels on breath
31
explain lactose tolerance blood test
blood samples taken before digesting lactose, then after. looking at amount of glucose in blood
32
why is there higher hydrogen excretion for pts who are lactose intolerant after they ingest lactose
colonic bacteria metabolize the lactose and produce H2
33
where are CHOs absorbed
SI
34
where are proteins absorbed
SI
35
what are absorbable forms of proteins
AA dipeptides tripeptides
36
digestion of proteins begins where
stomach
37
what beings the digestion of proteins in stomach
pepsin
38
digestion of proteins is completed where
SI
39
what enzymes in SI digest proteins
pancreatic & brush border proteases
40
what are two classes of proteases
endopeptidases & exopeptidases
41
what do Endopeptidases do? (how do they function)
hydrolyze interior peptide bonds of proteins
42
what are the Endopeptidases of the GI tract
pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase
43
what do Exopeptidases do? (how do they function?)
hydrolyze one amino acid at a time from the C-terminal ends of proteins and peptides.
44
what are the exopeptidases of the GI tract
carboxypeptidases A and B.
45
what cell secretes pepsinogen
chief cells
46
above pH 5 what happens to pepsin
denatured & inactivated
47
is pepsin needed for normal protein digestion?
no
48
what is the only thing needed for normal protein digestion
pancreatic & brush border proteases
49
what enzyme activates trypsinogen
enterokinase
50
once a little trypsin has been catalyzed, what happens
it catalyzes reaction of all other inactive precursers to their active form, and then autocatalyzes more trypsinogen to make more trypsin
51
what 5 enzymes are activated b/c of trypsin
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A, and carboxypeptidase B
52
what happens to oligopeptides
they can't be absorbed so theya re further hydrolyzed by brush border proteases
53
how are L-amino acids abosrbed, by what mechanism
Na+ aa cotransporter
54
what part of cell are Na+ aa cotransporter located
apical membrane
55
how many different Na+ aa cotransporters are there?
4 = neutral, acidic, basic, imino
56
once L-amino acids are absorbed by cell, how are they transported across basolateral membrane into blood
facilitated diffusion
57
L-amino acid absorption is similar to what
monosaccharide in duodenum and upper jejunum
58
how are dipeptides and tripeptides absorbed, by what transporter
H+ dependent cotransporter
59
where is H+ dependent cotransporter located on cell
apical membrane
60
what happens to dipeptides and tripeptides once they are absorbed
they are broken down to AA by peptidases
61
after dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed how do they exit into blood
the ones that were broken down to AA leave by facilitated diffusion the leftover dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed unchanged
62
in disorders of exocrine pancreas, there is a deficiency of what
all pancreatic enzymes
63
name two example disorders of exocrine pancreas
cystic fibrosis | chronic pancreatitis
64
what diseases are caused by defect or absence of Na+ AA cotransporter
hartnup disease | cystinuria
65
what causes hartnup disease
impaired neutral amino acid transport in the apical brush border membrane of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the kidney
66
there is decreased reabsorption of what in hartnup disease
neutral AAs
67
due to the decreased absorption of neutral AA by kidney and SI in hartnup, what happens to urine
aminoaciduria
68
what is aminoaciduria
AAs in urine
69
lack of trytophan in hartnup may cause
signs of pellagra
70
what causes pellagra
vitamin B3 deficiency
71
what are symtpoms of hartnup if untreated
Diarrhea, light-sensitive dermatitis, dementia and death within 4-5 yrs if untreated.
72
how can their be neurological symptoms in hartnup
Presence of unabsorbed amino acids in colon results in metabolism by bacteria to toxic amines
73
what is treatment for hartnup disease
High-protein diet, avoid exposure to sun, nicotinamide for dermatitis and neurologic symptoms, and psychiatric support for patients with CNS involvement
74
what causes cystinuria
transporter for dibasic AA is absent in SI and kidney
75
what are the dibasic AA
cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine
76
what symptoms will occur b/c of lack of cystine absorption in cystinuria
Cystine precipitates, or crystallizes out of urine and forms stones (calculi) in the kidney, ureter, bladder, or anywhere in the urinary tract.
77
what are the intestinal defects in cystinuria
failure to absorb basic amino acids which are excreted in feces
78
Nausea/Vomiting Dull ache or “colicky” pain Flank pain (pain in the side, due to kidney pain) Hematuria (blood in urine) Obstructive uropathy (urinary tract disease due to obstruction) Urinary tract infections these are all symptosm due to?
cystinuria, but b/c the pt got a stone
79
what is treatment of cystinuria
Hydration to increase urine output, meds to reduce kidney stones and relieve pain, eating less salt, and shock wave therapy for large stones.
80
what is brush border
intestinal epithelial cells
81
paracellular pathway plays bigger role in absorption of electrolytes and water where
at beginning of GI tract than colon
82
if there is a problem with SGLT1 what happens
osmotic diarrhea
83
if you have problem with SGLT1 how do you maintain good carbohydrate absorption
high fructose diet
84
under normal conditions is glucose and galactose present in colon
no
85
are oligopeptides absorbable?
NOOOO
86
where is enterokinase released from
enteroepithelial cell
87
draw out protein absorption in cell
pg 27
88
if you have absence of trypsinogen or enterokinase, what happens to activation of trypsinogen
will go down, can't convert to trypsin and can't autophosphorylate
89
most protein you ingest is what form
dipeptide tripeptide form
90
CCK is in response to what coming into duodenum
chyme

Physiology I Block 3 (14 decks)

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