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Physiology I Block 3 > Digestion & Absorption - CHOs & Proteins > Flashcards

Digestion & Absorption - CHOs & Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

glucose, galactose, and galactose are all

A

monosaccharides

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2
Q

only what kind of carb is absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells

A

monosaccharides

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3
Q

digestion of starch begins with

A

α amylase

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4
Q

what happens to α amylase when it reaches stomach

A

inactivated b/c of the low pH

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5
Q

amylase in pancreas vs. saliva

A

more potent in pancreas, completes the digestion of carbs

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6
Q

amylase from pancreas that is working in SI, what does it do to starch

A

digests to disaccharide

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7
Q

if starch is digested to disaccharide, list the diasacchrides that make it up

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

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8
Q

what are the intestinal brush border enzymes

A

α dextrinase
maltase
sucrase

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9
Q

what enzymes do the final digestion of disaccharides to monosaccharides

A

brush border enzymes

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10
Q

glucose, galactose, and fructose can all be absorbed by

A

intestinal epithelial cells

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11
Q

what monosaccharides make up trehalose

A

glucose

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12
Q

what monosaccharides make up lactose

A

glucose & galactose

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13
Q

what monosaccharides make up sucrose

A

glucose & fructose

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14
Q

glucose and galactose are absorbed across what part of cell

A

apical membrane

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15
Q

what transport mechanism is used to absorb glucose and galactose

A

secondary active transport

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16
Q

what transporter is used to move glucose and galactose

A

SGLT1 (Na+ Glucose cotransporter)

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17
Q

once the cell absorbs glucose and galactose, it extrudes it into blood via what mechanism of transport

A

facilitated diffusion GLUT2

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18
Q

what transporter is used to transport glucose and galactose into blood from epithelial intestinal cell

A

GLUT2

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19
Q

what happens if there is SGLT1 cotransporter defect

A

accumulation of glucose & galactose in lumen
body can’t absorb enough water
diarrhea

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20
Q

what method of transport is used to move absorb fructose

A

facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

what is the name of the fructose transpoter in apical membrane

A

GLUT5

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22
Q

what is the name of the fructose transporter in basolateral membrane

A

GLUT2

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23
Q

fructose can never be absorbed against its

A

electrochemical gradient

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24
Q

what does ORT stand for

A

oral rehydration therapy

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25
Q

draw out the absorption of CHOs

A

pg 9

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26
Q

what is the most common CHO malabsorption syndrom

A

lactose intolerance

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27
Q

lactose intolerance is due to decreased expression of

A

lactase

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28
Q

explain lactose intolerance and it’s symptoms

A

can’t absorb lactate. don’t have lactase or much less lactase. since lactose stays in GI, build up of water in it, can get cramping, gas, diarrhea

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29
Q

what are two diagnostic tests for lactose intolerance

A

hydrogen breath test

lactose tolerance blood test

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30
Q

explain the hydrogen breath test

A

testing for lactose intolerance
pt fasts
then given pure lactose
take hydrogen levels on breath

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31
Q

explain lactose tolerance blood test

A

blood samples taken before digesting lactose, then after. looking at amount of glucose in blood

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32
Q

why is there higher hydrogen excretion for pts who are lactose intolerant after they ingest lactose

A

colonic bacteria metabolize the lactose and produce H2

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33
Q

where are CHOs absorbed

A

SI

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34
Q

where are proteins absorbed

A

SI

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35
Q

what are absorbable forms of proteins

A

AA
dipeptides
tripeptides

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36
Q

digestion of proteins begins where

A

stomach

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37
Q

what beings the digestion of proteins in stomach

A

pepsin

38
Q

digestion of proteins is completed where

A

SI

39
Q

what enzymes in SI digest proteins

A

pancreatic & brush border proteases

40
Q

what are two classes of proteases

A

endopeptidases & exopeptidases

41
Q

what do Endopeptidases do? (how do they function)

A

hydrolyze interior peptide bonds of proteins

42
Q

what are the Endopeptidases of the GI tract

A

pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase

43
Q

what do Exopeptidases do? (how do they function?)

A

hydrolyze one amino acid at a time from the C-terminal ends of proteins and peptides.

44
Q

what are the exopeptidases of the GI tract

A

carboxypeptidases A and B.

45
Q

what cell secretes pepsinogen

A

chief cells

46
Q

above pH 5 what happens to pepsin

A

denatured & inactivated

47
Q

is pepsin needed for normal protein digestion?

A

no

48
Q

what is the only thing needed for normal protein digestion

A

pancreatic & brush border proteases

49
Q

what enzyme activates trypsinogen

A

enterokinase

50
Q

once a little trypsin has been catalyzed, what happens

A

it catalyzes reaction of all other inactive precursers to their active form, and then autocatalyzes more trypsinogen to make more trypsin

51
Q

what 5 enzymes are activated b/c of trypsin

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A, and carboxypeptidase B

52
Q

what happens to oligopeptides

A

they can’t be absorbed so theya re further hydrolyzed by brush border proteases

53
Q

how are L-amino acids abosrbed, by what mechanism

A

Na+ aa cotransporter

54
Q

what part of cell are Na+ aa cotransporter located

A

apical membrane

55
Q

how many different Na+ aa cotransporters are there?

A

4 = neutral, acidic, basic, imino

56
Q

once L-amino acids are absorbed by cell, how are they transported across basolateral membrane into blood

A

facilitated diffusion

57
Q

L-amino acid absorption is similar to what

A

monosaccharide in duodenum and upper jejunum

58
Q

how are dipeptides and tripeptides absorbed, by what transporter

A

H+ dependent cotransporter

59
Q

where is H+ dependent cotransporter located on cell

A

apical membrane

60
Q

what happens to dipeptides and tripeptides once they are absorbed

A

they are broken down to AA by peptidases

61
Q

after dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed how do they exit into blood

A

the ones that were broken down to AA leave by facilitated diffusion
the leftover dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed unchanged

62
Q

in disorders of exocrine pancreas, there is a deficiency of what

A

all pancreatic enzymes

63
Q

name two example disorders of exocrine pancreas

A

cystic fibrosis

chronic pancreatitis

64
Q

what diseases are caused by defect or absence of Na+ AA cotransporter

A

hartnup disease

cystinuria

65
Q

what causes hartnup disease

A

impaired neutral amino acid transport in the apical brush border membrane of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the kidney

66
Q

there is decreased reabsorption of what in hartnup disease

A

neutral AAs

67
Q

due to the decreased absorption of neutral AA by kidney and SI in hartnup, what happens to urine

A

aminoaciduria

68
Q

what is aminoaciduria

A

AAs in urine

69
Q

lack of trytophan in hartnup may cause

A

signs of pellagra

70
Q

what causes pellagra

A

vitamin B3 deficiency

71
Q

what are symtpoms of hartnup if untreated

A

Diarrhea, light-sensitive dermatitis, dementia and death within 4-5 yrs if untreated.

72
Q

how can their be neurological symptoms in hartnup

A

Presence of unabsorbed amino acids in colon results in metabolism by bacteria to toxic amines

73
Q

what is treatment for hartnup disease

A

High-protein diet, avoid exposure to sun, nicotinamide for dermatitis and neurologic symptoms, and psychiatric support for patients with CNS involvement

74
Q

what causes cystinuria

A

transporter for dibasic AA is absent in SI and kidney

75
Q

what are the dibasic AA

A

cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine

76
Q

what symptoms will occur b/c of lack of cystine absorption in cystinuria

A

Cystine precipitates, or crystallizes out of urine and forms stones (calculi) in the kidney, ureter, bladder, or anywhere in the urinary tract.

77
Q

what are the intestinal defects in cystinuria

A

failure to absorb basic amino acids which are excreted in feces

78
Q

Nausea/Vomiting
Dull ache or “colicky” pain
Flank pain (pain in the side, due to kidney pain) Hematuria (blood in urine)
Obstructive uropathy (urinary tract disease due to obstruction)
Urinary tract infections
these are all symptosm due to?

A

cystinuria, but b/c the pt got a stone

79
Q

what is treatment of cystinuria

A

Hydration to increase urine output, meds to reduce kidney stones and relieve pain, eating less salt, and shock wave therapy for large stones.

80
Q

what is brush border

A

intestinal epithelial cells

81
Q

paracellular pathway plays bigger role in absorption of electrolytes and water where

A

at beginning of GI tract than colon

82
Q

if there is a problem with SGLT1 what happens

A

osmotic diarrhea

83
Q

if you have problem with SGLT1 how do you maintain good carbohydrate absorption

A

high fructose diet

84
Q

under normal conditions is glucose and galactose present in colon

A

no

85
Q

are oligopeptides absorbable?

A

NOOOO

86
Q

where is enterokinase released from

A

enteroepithelial cell

87
Q

draw out protein absorption in cell

A

pg 27

88
Q

if you have absence of trypsinogen or enterokinase, what happens to activation of trypsinogen

A

will go down, can’t convert to trypsin and can’t autophosphorylate

89
Q

most protein you ingest is what form

A

dipeptide tripeptide form

90
Q

CCK is in response to what coming into duodenum

A

chyme

Physiology I Block 3 (14 decks)

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