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Physiology I Block 3 > Digestion and Absorption Lipids Vitamins Minerals > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption Lipids Vitamins Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

major dietary lipids are

A

triglycerides

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2
Q

what lipids are products of digestion and are absorbable

A

Fatty acids
monoglycerides
cholesterol

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3
Q

what is the solution to absorbing lipids

A

transform fats into water-soluble molecules

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4
Q

how many gm of lipid ingested per day in western diet

A

100gm

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5
Q

what is kcal/gm in lipid

A

9

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6
Q

what is kcal/gam in CHO

A

4

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7
Q

digestion of lipids beings where

A

stomach

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8
Q

what enzymes in stomach begin digestion of lipids

A

lingual and gastric lipases

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9
Q

where is digestion of lipids completed

A

SI

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10
Q

what enzymes in SI complete digestion of lipids

A

pancreatic lipase, cholesterol ester hydrolase, and phospholipase A2

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11
Q

what does stomach do for lipid digestion

A

slows down how much chyme is going into duodenum so you don’t overhwlem what is going on in duodenum

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12
Q

what hormone slows down gastric emptying?

A

CCK

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13
Q

how do Lingual and gastric lipases initiate lipid digestion?

A

hydrolyzing approximately 10% of ingested triglycerides to monoglyceride and free fatty acids.

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14
Q

main purpose of bile released from GB

A

amphipathic . in the core is where breakdown will happen

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15
Q

bile acids are

A

lipid soluble

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16
Q

bile acids are conjugatted to

A

bile salts

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17
Q

Emulsification produces

A

small droplets of lipid dispersed in the aqueous solution of the intestinal lumen, creating a large surface area for the action of pancreatic enzymes.

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18
Q

emulsification allows what to work

A

pancreatic enzymes to work to break down lipid

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19
Q

pancreatic enzymes to break down lipids:

A

Pancreatic lipase, cholesterol ester hydrolase, phospholipase A2 and colipase

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20
Q

colipase has to be acted upon by what enzyme

A

trypsin

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21
Q

pancreatic lipase activity is optimum at what pH

A

8

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22
Q

what does ph need to be for stable emulsification

A

more than 6

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23
Q

LCFA need what to get absorbed

A

micelle

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24
Q

short and medium chain fatty acids do not need what to be absorbed

A

micelle

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25
Q

pancreatic lipase is secreted in response to

A

CCK

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26
Q

what does pancreatic lipase do

A

hydrolyzes triglyceride molecules to one molecule of monoglyceride and two molecules of fatty acid.

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27
Q

pancreatic lipase is inactived by

A

bile salts

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28
Q

how does body overcome the inactivation of pancreatic lipase by bile salts

A

colipase

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29
Q

how is colipase secreted into intestine

A

inactive form: procolipase

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30
Q

colipaes is activated by

A

trypsin

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31
Q

what does colipase do for pancreatic lipase

A

displaces bile salts at the lipid-water interface and binds to pancreatic lipase. With the inhibitory bile salts displaced, pancreatic lipase can proceed with its digestive functions.

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32
Q

what does cholesterol ester hydrolase do

A

hydrolyzes cholesterol ester to free cholesterol and fatty acids. It also hydrolyzes ester linkages of triglycerides, yielding glycerol.

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33
Q

how is cholesterol ester hydrolase secreted

A

as active enzyme

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34
Q

how is Phospholipase A secreted

A

proenzyme

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35
Q

Phospholipase A is activated by

A

trypsin

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36
Q

what does Phospholipase A do

A

hydrolyzes phospholipids to lysolecithin and fatty acids.

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37
Q

fat soluble vitamins use what mechanisms to be absorbed

A

same as fats. micelle formation to allow for it to be absorbed

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38
Q

what are final products of lipid digestion

A

monoglycerides, fatty acids, cholesterol, lysolecithin, and glycerol

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39
Q

monoglycerides, fatty acids, cholesterol, lysolecithin, and glycerol are all _____ Except:

A

hydrophobic except glycerol

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40
Q

surface of chylomicron is mainly

A

phoshpolipids

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41
Q

defiiency in apoliportein b what happens

A

can’t make chylomicron

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42
Q

if you can’t make chylomicrons what happens

A

cannot absorb large lipids, fatty stool

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43
Q

what promotes release of bile from gall bladder

A

CCK

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44
Q

fats in gut stimulate release of what

A

CCK

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45
Q

interfering with any step in lipid digestion will do what

A

cause fatty stool (steatorrhea)

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46
Q

problem with pancreatic function what happens to enzyme secretion

A

compromised

so will bicarb secretion

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47
Q

gastrinoma is?

A

in pancreas and secretes gastrin (pancreas doesn’t usually secrete gastrin)

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48
Q

what happens with gastrinoma

A

gastrin acts on parietal cells and massive acid secretion

goes to duodenum and pancreas can’t neutralize so then enzymes inactivated

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49
Q

gastrinoma will have impact on lipid digestion and

A

CHO and protein digestion

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50
Q

if you take away ileum

A

bile salts back to liver compormised and impacts lipid digested

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51
Q

bacterial overgrowth will do what

A

deconjugate bile salts → if they are bile acids they are lipiphilic, will be absorbed early in SI and will not be useful in lipid digestion and absorption b/c they won’t make micelle

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52
Q

decrease absorptive surface like tropical sprue what happens

A

number of epithelial cells reduced

reducing microvillar surface area

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53
Q

tropical sprue same symptoms as

A

celiac disease

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54
Q

differnece b/w tropical sprue and celiac

A

celiac: gluten

tropical sprue: usually ppl in tropical enviornment and think it has something to do with bacteria

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55
Q

failure to synthesize apoproteins results in

A

significantly have defect of chylomicron to through basolateral membrane

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56
Q

vitamins are either

A

fat or water soluble

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57
Q

if vitamins are water soluble need what to get across cell membrane

A

protein mediated

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58
Q

if fat soluble vitamin need what to get across cell membrane

A

same as fat - chylomicron

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59
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A 
A
D
E
K 
(KEAD)
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60
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

B1, B2, B6, B12, C, biotin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid

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61
Q 
B1=thiamine 
C=ascorbic acid 
biotin
nicotinic acid = niacin pantothenic acid
use what transport mechanism
A

secondary transport driven by sodium

62
Q

what mechamis is always on basolateral membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

63
Q

B6 and B2 what is mechanism on apical membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

64
Q

minerals are mostly absorbed where

A

duodenum

65
Q

calcium roles in body

A 
Bone and tooth formation 
  Cofactor for enzymes and proteins
  Blood clotting
  Muscle contraction
  Nerve transmission
  Intracellular signaling for hormone action
66
Q 
Bone and tooth formation 
  Cofactor for enzymes and proteins
  Blood clotting
  Muscle contraction
  Nerve transmission
  Intracellular signaling for hormone action
 what is needed for all these
A

calcium

67
Q

calcium absorption usually where

A

duodenum

68
Q

parathyroid hormone activates 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 to

A

1,25 dihydroxy vitain D3

69
Q

TRPV-6 is what channel

A

calcium

70
Q

what stimulates TRPV-6 to open

A

vitamin D3

71
Q

what stimulates calbindin

A

vitamin D3

72
Q

what does calbindiin do

A

binds calcium

73
Q

what activates calcium ATPase on basolaterla membrane

A

Vitamin D3

74
Q

iron roles in body

A

Hemoglobin: oxygen transport and storage
(67% of body stores are in RBCs)
Energy metabolism (cytochromes are heme-proteins)
Oxidant production (immune system) and detoxification
DNA synthesis requires iron-bound proteins

75
Q

iron primarily absorbed in

A

duodenum & upper jejunum

76
Q

DMT-1 is what kind of transport

A

secondary active transport

uses hydrogen as driveer solute

77
Q

what is driver solute for DMT-1

A

hydrogen

78
Q

what is ferrous iron

A

Fe2+

79
Q

bile acid and salts primarily where

A

ileum

80
Q

once inside intestinal epithelial cells what happens to products of lipid digestion

A

reesterified

81
Q

what happens when the lipids are reesterified

A

they form original ingested lipids: triglycerides, cholesterol ester, and phospholipids.

82
Q

how are reesterfieid lipids packaged in the cell

A

in chylomicron

83
Q

what is at center of chylomicron

A

triglycerides & cholesterol

84
Q

what is on outside of chylomicron

A

phospholipids & apoproteins

85
Q

what is the majority of outside of chymoicron covered with

A

phospholipid

86
Q

what synthesize apoproteins

A

intestinal epithelial cells

87
Q

if body doesn’t synthesize Apo B what condition results

A

abetalipoproteinemia

88
Q

what is abetalipoproteinemia

A

a person is unable to absorb chylomicrons and, therefore, is also unable to absorb dietary lipids

89
Q

chylomicrons are too large to enter

A

vascular capillaries

90
Q

chylomicron enters what capillary

A

lymphatic capillary

91
Q

draw out process of fat absorption

A

pg 15

92
Q

how much of excreted bile is reabsorbed

A

90-95%

93
Q

what system is used to recycle bile

A

enterohepatic circulation

94
Q

where are most bile salts absorbed in intestines

A

terminal ileum

95
Q

what system is used to absorb, aka what mechanism of transport is used to reabsorb bile in ileum

A

secondary active cotransport with Na+

96
Q

what does it mean that some bile salts are deconjugated in intestine

A

they are converted back to bile acids

97
Q

what needs to happen to bile salts in liver

A

they need to be conjugated again

98
Q

what happens to bile salt that enters the colon

A

converted to secondary bile salts

99
Q

what are the secondary bile salts

A

deoxycholic acid & lithocholic acid

100
Q

what happens to lithocholic acid

A

isn’t reabsorbed ,most excreted in stool

101
Q

what happens regarding lipid absorption if there is pancreatic insufficiency

A

can’t secrete adequate amounts of enzymes needed for lipid digestion, so triglycerides will not be able to be absorbed and will be pooped out

102
Q

how does Zollinger-Ellison syndrome relate to lipid absorption

A

if there is tumor in pancreas, and it excretes too much gastring, then pH will be much too low in duodenum and the enzymes needed to degrade lipids will not be able to function

103
Q

what happens regarding lipid absorption if ileum is removed

A

bile salts are not reabsorbed, liver cannot keep up with demand so there is deficiency of bile salts and if there are not enough bile salts can’t form enough micelles needed for absorption

104
Q

what does bacterial overgrowth do to bile salts

A

reduces effectiveness

105
Q

how does bacterial overgrowth reduce effectiveness of bile salts

A

deconjugates them - removes glycine & taurine

106
Q

bile salts in non-ionizable form, what happens to them

A

they are readily absorbed by diffusion

107
Q

explain what happens regarding lipid absorption with bacterial overgrowth

A

bile acids are in non-ionizable form b/c the bacteria deconjuagetes them. this means the bile salts are absorbed by diffusion before they have a chance to do their job on the lipids

108
Q

how are fat soluble vitamins absorbed

A

Incorporated into micelles – transported to apical membrane – diffuse across membrane into cell – incorporated into chylomicrons – extruded into lymph – general circulation

109
Q

B1, B12, C, biotin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, and pantothenic acid - how are they absorbed

A

Na+ dependent cotransporter

110
Q

absorption of vitamin B12 requires

A

intrinsic factor

111
Q

what binds vitamin B12 in the mouth and stomach

A

R proteins (haptocorrin)

112
Q

what bind vitamin B12 from duodenum to ileum

A

intrinsic factor

113
Q

once in ileum what binds vitamin B12

A

transcobalamin II

114
Q

transcobalamin II allows vitamin B12 to be

A

absorbed

115
Q

what is a gastrectomy

A

partial or full removal of stomach

116
Q

what happens regarding gastrectomy and vitamin B12

A

loss of IF may result in vitamin B12 deficiency→ pernicious anemia

117
Q

what cells secrete IF

A

parietal cells

118
Q

where are parietal cells located

A

stomach

119
Q

what is pernicious anemia

A

body can’t absorb enough vitamin B12 to make healthy RBC

120
Q

for pts who have had gatrectomy what is done to ensur they don’t develop pernicious anemia

A

vitamin B12 injections

121
Q

where are calcium and iron absorbed

A

early in SI

122
Q

what form is iron in when it is in early part of SI

A

reduced: Fe2+

123
Q

what is mechanism for calcium absorption

A

Vitamin D dependent Ca2+ binding protein

124
Q

what is mechanism for iron absorption

A

binds to apoferritin in intestinal cell & transferrin in blood

125
Q

what reduces calcium absorption

A

anions

126
Q

why do anions reduce calcium absorption

A

they bind to calcium

127
Q

what are example ions that would reduce calcium absorption

A

phosphate; oxalate, phytate

128
Q

calcium absorption is regulated by

A

circulating levels of plasma calcium

129
Q

what is active form of vitamin D

A

vitamin D3

130
Q

vitamin D3 is also known as

A

1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3

131
Q

if plasma calcium levels are lowered, what happens

A

stimulates release of parathyroid hormone → conversion to active vitamin D

132
Q

what are the calcium channels

A

TRPV-6

133
Q

what is function of Calbindin

A

keeps intracellular free calcium low, to allow gradient for calcium to enter cell

134
Q

if there is vitamin d deficiency what happens to children

A

rickets. they don’t have adeuqate calcium absorption

135
Q

if there is vitamin d deficiency what happens to adults

A

osteomalacia. they don’t have adequate calcium absorption

136
Q

dietary iron is released in large amounts after digestion of

A

proteins

137
Q

draw out calcium absorption

A

pg 33

138
Q

draw out iron absorption

A

pg 36

139
Q

what kind of iron is soluble at pH 7

A

ferrous: Fe2+

140
Q

what is ferric iron

A

Fe3+

141
Q

what is ferrous iron

A

Fe2+

142
Q

what form of iron is absorbed across apical epithelial cells

A

Fe2+

143
Q

what carrier protein allows for absorption of iron

A

divalent metal transporter

144
Q

review summary slide

A

pg 37

145
Q

where are the majority of CHOs absorbed

A

duodenum

146
Q

where are the majority of proteins absorbed

A

duodenum

147
Q

where are the majority of lipids absorbed

A

duodenum

148
Q

what is cobalamin

A

vitamin B12

149
Q

where is Vitamin B12 absorbed

A

ileum

150
Q

where is calcium, iron, folate absorbed

A

duodenum

151
Q

where is calcium absorbed besides duodenum

A

jejunum & ileum

152
Q

where are majority of bile acids absorbed

A

ileum

Physiology I Block 3 (14 decks)

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