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Physiology I Block 3 > GI Overview > Flashcards

GI Overview Flashcards

1
Q

salivary gland are controlled by SNS or PNS

A

PNS

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2
Q

what do salivary glands respond to for PNS

A

Ach & Substance P

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3
Q

water mucus saliva has high amounts of

A

HCO3- & K+, α-amylase, lingual lipase, mucin secreted

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4
Q

where are touch receptors for gag reflex

A

pharynx

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5
Q

what nerve resopnds for gag reflex

A

vagus

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6
Q

describe the vomiting reflex

A

Expulsion of upper intestinal & gastric contents by reverse peristalsis (Irritation of pharynx via vagal & sympathetic afferents to vomiting center)

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7
Q

what nerves respond for swallowing reflex

A

cranial nerves including vagus

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8
Q

in body and fundus what does stomach secrete

A

HCl, IF, Pepsinogen, mucus

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9
Q

in Antrum of stomach what does it secrete

A

gastrin

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10
Q

what nerve is responsible for the churning of stomach

A

vagus

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11
Q

what kind of paristalsis for stomach

A

antral peristalsis

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12
Q

what two agents are used to digest food

A

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

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13
Q

what is the name for the vigorous mixing of the stomach

A

antral peristalsis

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14
Q

what secretes intrinsic factor

A

stomach

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15
Q

intrisic factor is needed for

A

vitamin B12 absorption

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16
Q

describe receptive relaxation

A

Fundus/body relax to receive food, water or gas (vagovagal reflex - Vagal release of VIP)

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17
Q

what nerve is responsible for receptive relaxation

A

vagus

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18
Q

describe the gastrocolic reflex

A

Mass movements in colon after meal enters stomach (PNS, CCK, gastrin)

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19
Q

describe Gastroileal reflex

A

Increased segmentation in ileum in response to a meal in the stomach and/or gastric emptying (PNS, CCK, gastrin

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20
Q

describe Ileogastric reflex

A

– Chyme in ileum decreases gastric emptying (ENS, autonomic nerves)

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21
Q

describe vomitting reflex

A

Expulsion of upper intestinal & gastric contents by reverse peristalsis (Irritation of stomach via vagal & sympathetic afferents to vomiting center)

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22
Q

the SI absorbs what

A

carbs
proteins
lipids

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23
Q

what does duodenum secrete

A

bicarbonate

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24
Q

why does duodenum secrete bicarbonate

A

to neutralize the stomach acid

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25
Q

in comparing duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, describe the levels of absorption

A

highest absorption in duodenum, then jejunum, then ileum

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26
Q

describe the Enteroenteric (intestinointestinal) reflex

A

One area of small intestine overdistended, the rest of the SI will relax, causing cessation of motility (Enteric and autonomic nerves (sympathetic)

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27
Q

exocrine pancreas secretes what

A

HCO3- and enzymatic component

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28
Q

what is function of pancreas excreting HCO3-

A

to neutralize the acid from stomach

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29
Q

what is function of pancreas secreting enzymatic component

A

digest carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into absorbable molecules.

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30
Q

liver and gall bladder secrete

A

bile salts

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31
Q

what is function of bile salts

A

solubilize fats and fat-soluble vitamins and allow these digestion products to be absorbed by enterocytes

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32
Q

what does large intestine absorb

A

water and salt

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33
Q

how does large intestine mix the

A

Haustra contractions

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34
Q

what is bacteria’s role in large intestine

A

helps breakdown undigested CHOs and proteins

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35
Q

describe Colonocolonic reflex

A

Distension of one area of colon will relax other areas of colon (ENS & sympathetic nerves)

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36
Q

describe Gastrocolic reflex

A

The motility of proximal and distal colon and the frequency of mass movements increase after a meal enters the stomach. (Mediated by CCK and gastrin)

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37
Q

what does CHO stand for

A

carbohydrate

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38
Q

describe the Rectosphincteric (defecation) reflex

A

feces entering rectum causes peristalsis & relax the internal anal sphincter (ENS & PNS)

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39
Q

point to submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus in GI tract

A

pg 13

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40
Q

what is the name of the intrinsic regulation of the GI system

A

enteric nervous system

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41
Q

where is enteric nervous system contained

A

submucosal and myenteric plexuses in the wall of the GI tract

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42
Q

what are the extrinsic components of GI tract

A

PNS and SNS

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43
Q

what is another name for myenteric plexus

A

(Auerbach’s plexus

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44
Q

where is myenteric plexus

A

between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers

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45
Q

what is another name for submucosous plexus

A

Meissner’s plexu

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46
Q

where is Submucous plexus located

A

between the middle circular layer and the mucosa

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47
Q

what does the enteric nervous system control

A

contractile, secretory, and endocrine functions of the GI tract.

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48
Q

what kind of muscle is in the proximal and distal ends of GI tract

A

skeletal muscle

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49
Q

most of the GI tract has what kind of muscle

A

smooth

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50
Q

parasympathetic innervation of GI tract is mainly

A

vagus and pelvic nerves

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51
Q

what part of nerves for PNS interacts with GI

A

preganglionic

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52
Q

the preganglionic nerves of PNS often synapse with wht in GI tract

A

enteric nervous system

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53
Q

what part of sympathetic nervous system joins GI

A

postganglion

54
Q

what monitor distension and contraction

A

Mechanoreceptors or stretch receptors

55
Q

what monitors the composition of intestinal contents

A

chemoreceptors

56
Q

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors relay info to the CNS via what nerve

A

vagus

57
Q

when mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors relay info to CNS via vagus nerve, and reflex is triggered, how does that signal travel

A

efferent vagus

58
Q

what is a vagovagal reflexes

A

both afferent and efferent limbs are in the vagus nerve

59
Q

what percentage of secretions is absorbed

A

99%

1% is excreted

60
Q

what is the cephalic phase

A

start getting salivary secretions. like when you start thinking about eating. PNS

61
Q

if food irritates pharynx what happens

A

reverse peristalsis: vomiting reflex.

62
Q

where is the lowest part the vomitting reflex can take place

A

upper SI

63
Q

why is there secondary peristaltic wave

A

sensory afferents going to CNS telling that there is something stuck in lower 2/3 of esophagus

64
Q

what does primary peristaltic wave do

A

move food into stomach

65
Q

what plexus stimulated for secondary peristaltic wave

A

aurbauch’s plexus

66
Q

when stomach recives food what needs to happen to fundus

A

needs to relax

67
Q

receptive relaxation

A

vagovagal reflex

68
Q

once food is received in stomach, what chemicals are released

A

HCl
IF
Pepsinogen
Mucus

69
Q

what does HCl do

A

breaks food down

lowers pH

70
Q

pepsinogen only activated if there is

A

acidic pH

71
Q

IF stands for

A

intrinsic factor

72
Q

what is function of IF

A

absorption of Vitamin B12

73
Q

where is IF being released

A

parietal cells

74
Q

parietal cells release what

A

IF and HCl

75
Q

gastrin is important hormone it is released

A

from G cells in antrum of stomach

76
Q

gastrin is important in

A

motility patterns

stimulates parietal cells to secrete acid

77
Q

gastrin is a

A

hormone

78
Q

gastrin stimualtes parietal cells to

A

produce acid

79
Q

antral peristalsis, what is it

A

non-propuslive churning and mixing in stomach

80
Q

gastrocolic reflex

A

meal is in stomach, starts to empty into SI, colin increasing mass movement of previous meal, trying to clear out previous meal
increase in motility in colon to prepare for next meal being processed in stomach

81
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

in response to gastric emptying, ileum increases segmentation contraction
tells stomach to slow down if Si isn’t done

82
Q

where is major digestion absorption

A

SI

83
Q

why does SI have major absorption?

A

has transport proteins on apical and basolateral side

84
Q

why is there a lot of electrolyte absorption in upper part of SI

A

osmotic gradient
the cells are much more leaky here
a lot of transport molecules that use sodium

85
Q

if your pancreas doesn’t function you’ll have

A

malnutrition

86
Q

what is main function of large intestine

A

finish off absorption of salt and water

87
Q

what are the 2 motility patterns in large intetine

A

haustra

transit motility

88
Q

haustra is basically the same as

A

segmented, they just callit haustra b/c it clamps down on intestine

89
Q

draw out layers of muscle layers/plexus

A

pg 14

90
Q

describe the transcellular path of absorption

A

substance has to cross the apical membrane, enter inttestinal epithelial cell, and be extruded from cell across basolateral membrane into blood

91
Q

describe the paracellular of absorption

A

substances move across the tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells, through the lateral intercellular spaces, and into the blood.

92
Q

label the intestinal folds describing their folding

A

pg 20

93
Q

what does UES stand for

A

upper esophageal sphincter

94
Q

what does LES stand for

A

lower esophageal sphincter

95
Q

what does the sphincter of oddi do

A

controls flow of bile from common bile duct

96
Q

draw out the sphincters of GI

A

pg 22

97
Q

what is function of somatostatin

A

inhibits secretion of all GI hormones

98
Q

hormones are released from what cell in GI tract

A

endocrine cells

99
Q

name the five GI peptides classified as hormones

A

gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP or glucosedependent insulinotropic peptide), and motilin.

100
Q

what does CCK stand for

A

cholecystokinin

101
Q

hormones are secreted into

A

portal circulation

102
Q

hormones are secreted into portal circulation and then enter

A

systemic circulation

103
Q

systemic circulation does what for hormone

A

delivers hormone to target cell with receptors for that hormone

104
Q

what are neurocrines

A

peptides synthesized in neurons of GI tract and released following AP

105
Q

when are neurocrines released

A

after AP

106
Q

name 7 neurocrines

A

ACh, norepinephrine, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), enkephalins, neuropeptide Y, and substance P.

107
Q

what does VIP stand for

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

108
Q

what does GRP stand for

A

gastrin-releasing peptide

109
Q

paracrines are secreted by what cells

A

endocrine cells of GI tract

110
Q

what is difference b/w paracrines and hormones

A

paracrines act locally w/in the same tissue that secretes them

111
Q

name two paracrines

A

somatostatin

histamine

112
Q

where is amylase secreted

A

pancreas & saliva

113
Q

where is pepsin secreted

A

stomach

114
Q

in order to absorb carbohydrates have to get to

A

monosaccharide level

115
Q

trypsinogen is the

A

proenzyme for trypsin

116
Q

what enzyme stimulates colipase to be active

A

trypsin

117
Q

trypsin acts on all

A

proenzymes to stimulate their activation

118
Q

what motility pattern predominantes

A

peristalsis

119
Q

rhythmic segmentation predominates during

A

fed state

120
Q

tonic contraction happens where?

A

sphincter

121
Q

tonic contraction allows for

A

different parts of GI tract to be separated

122
Q

in response to chyme going into duodenum,

A

gall bladder contracts

123
Q

when gall bladder contracts what happens to sphincter of oddi

A

relaxes

124
Q

gastrin main effect

A

secreted from G cells in stomach

goes to parietal cells in stomach and stimulates acid secretion

125
Q

CCK main effect

A

stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes
contracts gall bladder
relaxes sphincter of oddi
inhibits gastric emptying

126
Q

secretins main effect

A

released from mast cells in intestine

go to ductal epithelial cells in pancreas, make them release bicarb

127
Q

GIP main effect

A

acid secretion

intrinsic factor release

128
Q

motilin main effect

A

elevated during fasting state

129
Q

somatostatin main effect

A

inhibits almost all GI peptides

130
Q

histamine main effect

A

increases acid secretion

Physiology I Block 3 (14 decks)

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