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Physiology I Block 3 > Cardiology 7.12 > Flashcards

Cardiology 7.12 Flashcards

1
Q

V tach what happens to CO

A

it decreases, HR increases and can’t pump out enough blood

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2
Q

why doesn’t CO decrease during exercise

A

the arteries dilate

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3
Q

major reason SA node changes firing rate

A

input from autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

increased vagal tone, another way of saying

A

Ach

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5
Q

name examples of ways to decrease SA nodal firing rate

A 
increased vagal tone
beta blockers
hypothyroidism
L-type Ca channel blockers
sick sinus syndrome
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6
Q

E & NE do what

A

increase rate of diastolic depol

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7
Q

what is major controller of SA firing at rest

A

vagal tone

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8
Q

what has little effect of ventricular conduction system

A

vagal stimulation

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9
Q

one consequence of pronounced bradychardia:

A

escape beats

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10
Q

what is escape beat

A

losing QRS wave - example: thrd degree heart block

latent pacemakers have escaped and are driving ventricles at a much slower rate

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11
Q

describe third degree heart block

A

complete blockage of AP conduction from atria to ventricles (AV node) lower pacemaker driving ventricles

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12
Q

width of QRS indicitve of

A

conduction delay through ventricles

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13
Q

abnormally slow SA firing can result in

A

escape beats & escape rhythms

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14
Q

what is driving ventricular firing in third degree heart block

A

lower pacemakers

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15
Q

what is ectopic beat

A

premature depol from sinus node

originates from site other than sinus node

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16
Q

what would cause ectopic beats & ectopic rhythm

A

high catecholamines
ischemia
digitalis toxicity

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17
Q

mechanism of ectopy

A

increased automaticity of latent pacemakers
abnormal automatciity of cells outside the specialized conduction system
triggered activity

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18
Q

what is triggered activity

A

early after depol

delayed after depol

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19
Q

what would happen to p wave in atrial premature depol

A

inverted p wave

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20
Q

dra example of PAC

A

pg 176

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21
Q

what does PAC stand for

A

premature atrial contraction

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22
Q

PAC and PVC are examples of

A

ectopic hart beats

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23
Q

what does PVC stand for

A

premature ventricular contraction

24
Q

PAC frequently caused by

A

excessive catecholamines

25
Q

two types of triggered actiity

A

DAD & EAD

26
Q

DAD stands for

A

delayed afterdepolarization

27
Q

DAD describe

A

extra depolarization. not a problem by itself, but if it depolarizes to threshold it will fire an action potential, and one AP wouldn’t be a problem, but you can develop a tachycardia

28
Q

mechanism of DAD

A

Spontaneous SR calcium release, that will trigger calcium wave which activates Na-Ca exchange which produces the DAD

overall there is a inward current which will depol the cell

29
Q

what does Na-Ca exchange do

A

keeps Ca levels down in cell

three sodium in for two calcium out

30
Q

what is result of Na-Ca in DAD

A

depols the cell b/c more + in than out so cell gets more +

31
Q

EAD stands for

A

early afterdepolarization

32
Q

what do you see in EAD

A

pg 183

33
Q

mechanism of EAD

A

reactivatoin of calcium current (or sodium), can lead to ventricular fibrillation

34
Q

EAD can lead to

A

ventricular fibrillation

35
Q

EAD is promoted by what

A

conditions rtaht prolong action potential duration

36
Q

examples of things that can prolong AP duration

A 
K channel blockers
inherited loss of K channels
hypokalemia
hypocalcemia
bradycardia
37
Q

slower HR what hapens to AP duration

A

longer

38
Q

hypokalemia does what to Ap duration

A

hyperpolarizes and prlongs AP duration

39
Q

long QT can trigger

A

ventricular tachycardia

40
Q

pg 185

A

pg 185

41
Q

bigger the calcium current, what does it do to conduction

A

faster it will conduct

42
Q

conduction velocity in AV node, upstroke is

A

calcium current

43
Q

the bigger calcium current n AV node, what happens to velocity

A

increased

44
Q

examples of what can be a block

A

closed gap junctions, fibrosis

45
Q

two types of second degree heart block

A

Mobitz type I and II

46
Q

motibz type I

A

progressive preceeding block is preogressively longer p wave, and then it wll drop a beat

47
Q

what is mobitz type I block called

A

wenckebach block

48
Q

motbitz type II block

A

PR interval is normal

random dropped WRS (double check on this)

49
Q

bundle branch block what will it do

A

widens QRS

50
Q

what is normally last thing to repol

A

base of left ventricle

51
Q

left bundle branch block tends to shift axis to

A

left

52
Q

one biggest thing that can cuase conduction block

A

ischemia

53
Q

ischemia what does it do to K and Na

A

reduces Na and high K - so depols cell

54
Q

if you reduce the sodium currnet you will

A

reduce conduction velocity (except AV and SA node)

55
Q

pg 200

A

pg 200

Physiology I Block 3 (14 decks)

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