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Physiology I Block 3 > Cardiology 7.7 > Flashcards

Cardiology 7.7 Flashcards

1
Q

for EC coupling what has to happen

A

Ca increases

AP

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2
Q

rise in cytoplasmic calcium is called

A

cytoplasmic transient (95)

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3
Q

relationship b/w intracellular calcium & muscle tension

A

very steep relationship

when cell is relaxed intracellular calcium is low

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4
Q

if calcium doesn’t come into cell through calcium current the SR

A

will not release calcium & won’t get calcium transient

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5
Q

the major way you vary strength of contraction of cardiac muscle

A

he didn’t say

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6
Q

describe structure of ventricular myocyte and difference b/w skeletal

A

SR contacts T tubule is similar to triad in skeletal muscle but is not voluminous SR - only at contact site is where it is released

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7
Q

draw out structure of myocyte

A

pg 96

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8
Q

in heart have calcium channels in t tubule across from

A

ryanodine receptors (calcium release channels)

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9
Q

what is a couplon

A

unit of Ca channels and RyRs

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10
Q

ryanodine receptor in cardaic vs. skeletal

A

ryanodine receptor is separate from calcium channel in cardiac muscle

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11
Q

with each beat the heart needs what that skeletal muscle doesn’t need

A

calcium influx with each beat

in heart if calcium isn’t released it won’t contract

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12
Q

how is calcium put back into SR

A

SERCA

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13
Q

beat to beat entry of calcium, with each beat in cardiac cell, how do you get calcium out

A

sodium calcium exchange (doesn’t need ATP)
SERCA
Calcium pump

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14
Q

what is most important way to get calcium out in cardiac

A

sodium calcium pump

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15
Q

does sodium calcium pump need ATP

A

no

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16
Q

how much sodium vs. calcium in pump in cardiac

A

3 sodium in for 1 calcium out

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17
Q

in cardiac muscle when you apply EPI & NE what happens regarding calcium

A

bigger calcium current and bigger release from SR and more forecful contraction

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18
Q

why does HR go up when excersie

A

EPI & NE released, stimulating more calcium & rate of diastolic depol increases so faster HR. force of contractino also increases b/c of bigger calcium currnet

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19
Q

calcium by itself is insufficient to cause

A

contraction

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20
Q

what do you need calcium to do to to cause contraction

A

binds to ryanadine receptor, opens, big release of calcium (calcium transient).

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21
Q

if you delay the rate of calcium reuptake what happens to tension

A

slow the rate of relaxation

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22
Q

if you block calcium current will not get calcium release from

A

SR

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23
Q

what happens to tension if you have EPI & NE

A

get faster and stronger rate of tension (pg 100)

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24
Q

pressure development in left ventricle with EPI & NE

A

steeper rise in ventricular pressure and faster rate of decline

25
Q

ECG is used to detect

A

problems with heart - ischemia, infarction, rate & rhythm, etc. basically electrical activity in a pt.

26
Q

when pt is in ER what is first thing you do

A

see if their heart is working- measure ECG

27
Q

slow conduction in ventricles what would get longer on ECG

A

QRS

28
Q

the wider the QRS is reflection that

A

it took longer to propegate to ventricles

29
Q

what are you measuring with ECG

A

surface potential (not transmembrane, but transmembrane is causing the surface potential to change)

30
Q

right leg electrode is

A

ground electrode

31
Q

if you just have upward signal in QRS it is

A

R wave

32
Q

if up and down in QRS it is

A

R and S wave

33
Q

R wave followed by S wave and then another up it is a

A

R prime wave

34
Q

if first signal goes down in QRS it is

A

QS wave

35
Q

if it goes down and up only it is is

A

QR wave

36
Q

draw out the different kind of waves

A

pg 112

37
Q

if you subtract A-B you get

A

inverted t wave (you don’t normally see that) you see it in atria - first one that depol are first to repol and you get inverted t wave but don’t see it b/c it’s during QRS

38
Q

why do you get positive t wave

A

in heart epicardial cells have shorter AP duration. they’re activated later but they have shorter AP duration (pg 113 right picture) so A-B is still positive.

39
Q

t wave inversion is one thing that happens during

A

ischemia

40
Q

t wave inversion during ischemia

A

shortened AP duration on epicardial surface of heart

41
Q

dipol is measure if

A

difference in one part of heart compared to another

42
Q

max dipole is biggest

A

charge separation

43
Q

little separation is

A

small dipole

44
Q

dipole has positive and negative end and it always points towards

A

resting tissue

45
Q

if you’re positive electrode and dipole approaching it will give

A

upward signal

46
Q

if dipole is running parallel to orientation of electrodes get

A

maximum signal

47
Q

positive end of dipole approaching positive end of signal get

A

positive wave

48
Q

if dipole going toward negative electrode get

A

negative (downard) wave

49
Q

signal ix maximum when dipole oriented parallel to

A

electrodes

50
Q

if dipole is perpendicular to electrodes it generates what signal

A

isoelectric - it’s almost 0

51
Q

look at pg 116

A

pg 116

52
Q

if first cells to depol are first to repol

A

get inverted t wave

53
Q

if second sells to depol are first to repol get

A

positive t wave

54
Q

what are the bipolar limb leads

A

I
II
III

55
Q

what are the unipolar limb leads

A

aVR
aVL
aVF

56
Q

what are the chest leads

A

V1-6

57
Q

bipolar leads I, II, III generally where do they go

A

right arm left arm left leg

58
Q

draw out where leads I, II, III go

A

pg 122

Physiology I Block 3 (14 decks)

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