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Pharmacology > GI Agents, Nutrition & Electrolyte Replacement, Herbal Therapy > Flashcards

GI Agents, Nutrition & Electrolyte Replacement, Herbal Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

drugs that act by coating the wall of the GI tract and absorbing bacteria or toxins that cause diarrhea (EX: kaolin, pectin, Pepto-Bismol)

A

Adsorbents

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2
Q

the active ingredients in marijuana approved for clinical use to alleviate nausea & vomiting resulting from cancer treatment

A

Cannabinoids

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3
Q

drugs used to eliminate fecal matter; “laxative”

A

Carthartics

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4
Q

cerebral center lying near the medulla that causes vomiting when stimulated

A

Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)

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5
Q

drugs that act as lubricants and stool softeners used to prevent constipation

A

Emollients

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6
Q

“hyperolmolar laxatives” including salts or saline products, lactulose, and glycerin

A

Osmotics

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7
Q

“harsh” carthartics that cause water stool with abdominal cramping

A

Purgatives

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8
Q

drugs that promote ulcer healing by neutralizing hydrochloric acid and reducing pepsin activity; do not coat the ulcer; two types: systemic & nonsystemic

A

Antacids

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9
Q

thick, viscous, mucous material that provides a barrier between the mucosal lining and acidic gastric secretions; maintains the integrity of the gastric lining and is a defense against corrosive substances

A

Gastric Mucosal Barrier (GMB)

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10
Q

ulcer frequently occurring because of breakdown of the GMB

A

Gastric Ulcer

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11
Q

ulcer caused by hypersecretion of acid from the stomach passing into the duodenum because of (1) insufficient buffers to neutralize gastric acid in the stomach (2) defective pyloric sphincter or (3) hypermotility of the stomach

A

Duodenal Ulcer

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12
Q

inflammation or erosion of the esophageal mucosa caused by a reflux of gastric acid content from the stomach into the esophagus

A

Gastroesophogeal Reflux Disease (GERD)

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13
Q

popular drugs used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers that block the H2 receptors of the parietal cells in the stomach, thus reducing gastric acid secretion and concentration (EX: ranitidine, cimetidine, axid)

A

Histamine2 Receptor Antagonists (H2 Blockers)

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14
Q

acid released by the parietal cells of the stomach influenced by histamine, gastrin & acetylcholine

A

Hydrochloric Acid

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15
Q

broad term used for an ulcer occurring in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum within the upper GI tract

A

Peptic Ulcer

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16
Q

ulcer resulting from the reflux of acidic gastric secretions into the esophagus as a result of a defective or incompetent cardiac sphincter

A

Esophageal Ulcer

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17
Q

digestive enzyme activated at a pH of 2

A

Pepsin

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18
Q

ulcer following a critical situation such as extensive trauma or major surgery (burns, cardiac surgery)

A

Stress Ulcer

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19
Q

Nonpharmacological Management Techniques for Upper GI Disorders

A

Lifestyle changes!!!, low-fat food, increased exercise, eliminate alcohol, avoid chocolate, avoid caffeine, elevate HOB on blocks

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20
Q

vitamin required for development & maintenance of healthy eyes, gums, teeth, skin, hair & selected glands…needed for fat metabolism…in fortified milk, butter, eggs, leafy green & yellow veggies & fruits…naturally only in cod, halibut, shark & tuna…deficiency= dry skin, poor tooth development, night blindness

A

Vitamin A (Retinol)

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21
Q

vitamin that promotes use of sugars (energy) & required for good function of nervous system & heart…in enriched breads/cereals, yeast, liver, pork, fish, milk, lentils, blackstrap molasses…deficiency= sensory disturbances, retarded growth, fatique, anorexia, Wernicke encephalopathy (alcohol abuse)

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

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22
Q

vitamin that promotes body’s use of carbs, proteins & fats by releasing energy to cells & required for tissue integrity…in milk, enriched breads/cereals, liver, lean meat, eggs, almonds, wheat germ, soy, leafy green veggies…deficiency= visual defects (blurred vision & photophobia), cheilosis, rash on nose, extremity numbness

A

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

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23
Q

vitamin important in metabolism, protein synthesis, & formation of RBC…in lean meat, leafy green veggies, whole-grain cereals, yeast, bananas, salmon, soybeans, seeds, nuts, avacados, carrots…deficiency= neuritis, convulsions, dermatitis, anemia, lymphopenia

A

Vitamin B6 (Pyroxidine)

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24
Q

vitamin that functions as a building block of nucleic acids, forms RBC & facilitates functioning of nervous system…in liver, kidney, fish, milk, eggs, chicken, turkey…deficiency= GI disorders, poor growth, anemias (pernicious anemia) vegetarians

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

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25
Q

vitamin that helps in formation of genetic materials & proteins for the cell nucleus, assists in intestinal functioning & prevents selected anemias…in leafy green veggies, yellow fruits/veggies, yeast, organ meats, black-eyed peas, lentils…deficiency= decreased WBC & clotting factors, anemias, intestinal disturbances, depression (400 mcg/day in pregnancy)

A

Folic Acid (Folvite)

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26
Q

vitamine that promotes body’s use of carbs, fats & proteins for the cell nucleus and is essential in formation of specific hormones & nerve-regulating substances…in eggs, leafy green veggies, nuts, liver, kidney, skim milk, seeds, nuts, wheat germ, salmon…deficiency= unknown in humans

A

Pantothenic Acid

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27
Q

vitamin in all body tissues necessary for energy-producing reactions and assists in nervous system…in eggs, meat, liver, beans, peas, enriched bread/cereals…deficiency= retarded growth, pellagra, HA, memory loss, anorexia, insomnia

A

Niacin

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28
Q

vitamin that synthesizes fatty acids & glucose for energy production and required by body chemical systems…in eggs, milk, leafy green veggies, liver, kidney…deficiency= unknown in humans

A

Biotin

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29
Q

vitamin that helps tissue repair & growth and required in formation of collagen…in citrus fruits, cantaloupe, tomatoes, leafy green veggies, sweet red peppers, potatoes, strawberries, kiwi…deficiency= poor wound healing, bleeding gums, scurvy, predisposition to infection

A

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

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30
Q

vitamin that promotes the use of phosphorus & calcium and important for strong teeth & bones…in fortified milk, egg yolk, tuna, salmon, liver…deficiency= Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults

A

Vitamin D (Calciferol)

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31
Q

vitamin that protects fatty acids & promotes formation and functioning of RBC, muscle, other tissues…in whole grain cereals, wheat germ, veggie oils, lettuce, sunflower seeds, milk, eggs, meat, avocados, asparagus…deficiency= breakdown of RBC

A

Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol)

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32
Q

vitamin essential for blood clotting…in leafy green veggies, liver, cheese, egg yolk, veggie oil, tomatoes…deficiency= increased clotting time, leading to increased bleeding & hemorrhage

A

Vitamin K

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33
Q

Categories for Justification of Vitamin Supplements

A

malabsorption, diarrhea, infectious dx, chronic dx (Chron’s, celiac), inability to use vitamins (liver dx, renal dx, hereditary deficiencies), increased vitamin loss (fever from infection, hyperthyroidism, dialysis, cancer, starvation, crash diets), increased vitamin requirements (pregnancy, early childhood, cancer, alcoholism, GI surgery, special diets)

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34
Q

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A

K.A.D.E…slowly metabolized, stored in fatty tissue, liver & muscle

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35
Q

mineral that is vital for hemoglobin formation (60% is found in hemoglobin)…in meat, fish, poultry, grains, veggies…increased doses needed during pregnancy…deficiency= fatigue, intolerance to cold, pale skin, anemia

A

Iron

36
Q

Non-Heme Iron Absorption is Impaired By?

A

taking with coffee, tea, calcium, dried peas, rice, spinach, berries & cholocate

37
Q

Non-Heme Iron Absorption is Enhanced By?

A

taking with vitamin C rich foods (OJ or tomato products)

38
Q

Ususal Dose of Ferrous Sulfate (Iron)

A

325 mg daily…PO, IM or IV

39
Q

mineral that is a component of hemoglobin synthesis, wound healing, excess amounts = Wilson’s dx

A

Copper

40
Q

mineral that helps with common cold, excess= copper deficiency

A

Zinc

41
Q

mineral that enhances the action of insulin…helps with diabetes & weight loss

A

Chromium

42
Q

mineral that is an antioxidant…excess= garlic odor

A

Selenium

43
Q

the most plentiful mineral in the body responsible for bone & teeth formation, blood clotting & nerve transmission…RDA 1000-1500 mg/day…in milk, cheese, yogurt, fortified OJ, almonds

A

Calcium

44
Q

calcium supplement that is least expensive & is better absorbed when taken with food

A

Calcium Carbonate

45
Q

calcium supplement that contains citric acid which is better absorbed in elderly people, less likely to cause constipation & better absorbed in empty stomach

A

Calcium Citrate

46
Q

Nursing Interventions for IV Calcium

A

(1) assess renal fxn prior to administration (2) SLOW IV infusion (3) close pt. monitoring (4) monitor IV site

47
Q

the most common intracellular cation that is poorly stored in the body but is necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses & contract of the heart, skeletal & smooth muscles…RDA 40-60 mEq/day

A

Potassium

48
Q

Reasons Patients Need Potassium Supplements

A

(1) on antibiotics (PCN) (2) taking K+ wasting diuretics (thiazides, loop diuretics)

49
Q

Treatment for Hypokalemia

A

PO: liquid, powder or tablet that is irritating to stomach so give with full glass of fluid…IV: NEVER GIVE PUSH, ALWAYS DILUTE

50
Q

Treatment for Hyperkalemia

A

K+ restriction, IV sodium bicarbonate, 10% calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, kayexelate (PO or rectal enema)

51
Q

Treatment for Hyponatremia

A

H2O restriction, 0.9% normal saline for mild case, 3% saline for levels of <115 mEq/L

52
Q

Symptoms of Hypernatremia

A

FIRED! = Fever, Flushed Skin, Restless, Increased fluid retention, Increased BP, Edema, Decreased urinary output, Dry mouth

53
Q

Treatment of Hypernatremia

A

dietary restrictions (2 of 4 gm/day)

54
Q

electrolyte that promotes transmission of neuromuscular activity & contraction of myocardium

A

Magnesium

55
Q

Treatment of Hypermagnesemia

A

calcium gluconate

56
Q

Treatment of Hypomagnesemia

A

IV Mg sulfate

57
Q

enteral feeding that is lactose free

A

Isocal

58
Q

enteral feeding that is high in protein

A

Ultracal

59
Q

enteral feeding that is high in fiber

A

Jevity

60
Q

enteral feeding that is for diabetics

A

Glucerna

61
Q

enteral feeding that is for respiratory patients

A

Pulmocare

62
Q

Advantages of Continuous Enteral Feeding

A

improve tolerance, reduce risk of aspiration, increased time for nutrient absorption

63
Q

Disadvantages of Continuous Enteral Feeding

A

restricts ambulation, more expensive

64
Q

enteral feeding administered at specified times throughout the day generally in smaller volumes & at slower rate thatn bolus feedings but in larger/faster volumes than continuous drip feedings

A

Intermittent Enteral Feeding

65
Q

enteral feeding administered via continuous drip over a period of 8-16 hrs usually nocturnally

A

Cyclic Enteral Feeding

66
Q

ALERT Campaign for Enteral Safety

A

Aseptic technique, Label enteral equipment, Elevate HOB 30 deg, Right patient/formula/tube, Trace all lines/tubing back to patient

67
Q

least desirable method of supplying nutrients to the body via IV for severe GI disturbances & patients unable to meet nutritional requirements…must be given over 24 hours & patient must be weaned off

A

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

68
Q

line used to give isotonic or mildly hypertonic solutions during administration of TPN

A

PICC Line

69
Q

line used when large amount of carbs are given through subclavian or internal jugular veins

A

Central Venous Catheter

70
Q

Potential Complications of TPN

A

Pneumothorax, Air embolism, Hyper/Hypoglycemia, Hypervolemia, Infection

71
Q

herb used for external pain relief & burn relief, constipation…S/E= arrythmias neuropathies, edema

A

Aloe Vera

72
Q

herb used for digestive complaints, sedative effects…S/E= urticaria, bronchoconstriction if allergic to daisy or ragweed

A

Chamomile

73
Q

herb used as all-purpose woman’s tonic frequently mixed with fillers (vit B12)

A

Don Quai

74
Q

herb that stimulates immune system used for colds, flu, recurrent URI & UTI…hepatoxic

A

Echinacea

75
Q

herb that detoxifies & increased immune fxn, decreases platelet aggregation used for hypercholesterolemia & mild HTN

A

Garlic

76
Q

herb used to stimluate digestion, as antispasmodic, to decrease platelet aggregation

A

Ginger

77
Q

herb used as antioxidant, peripheral vasodilator & increased blood flow to CNS, helps with memory, decreased platelet aggregation

A

Ginkgo Biloba

78
Q

herb used as antidepressant, antiviral, for anxiety, sleep disorders…drug interactions with transplant meds & antidepressants, not for HIV patients

A

St. John’s Wort

79
Q

herb that increases liver cell regeneration, slows cirrhotic disease, increases quality of life

A

Milk Thistle

80
Q

herb used at mild sedative and sleep-inducing agent, “herbal valium” for anxiety…has dirty sock odor

A

Valerian

81
Q

herb that decreases size of prostate, “plant catheter”

A

Saw Palmetto

82
Q

act that classified herbs as “dietary supplements”, made premarket testing not required, clarified marketing regulations…made no claims about prevention or curing of specific diseases

A

Dietary Supplement Health & Education Act of 1994

83
Q

group of harmful chemicals

A

free radicals

84
Q

used as a measurement of the concentration of IV solutions compared with the osmolality of body fluids

A

Tonicity

85
Q

another name of total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

A

Hyperalimentation (HA)

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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