Endocrine Drugs & Antidiabetic Agents

Question 1

excessive growth after puberty

Answer 1

Acromegaly

Question 2

a decrease in corticosteroid secretion; adrenal sufficiency

Answer 2

Addison’s disease

Question 3

anterior pituitary gland

Answer 3

Adenohypophysis

Question 4

glands in the pituitary system consisting of the adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex that produces two types of corticosteroids: glucocorticoids (cortisol) & mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 4

Adrenal Glands

Question 5

hormone released by the pituitary corticotrophs; which stimulates the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) & androgen from the adrenal cortex

Answer 5

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Question 6

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that promotes water reabsorption from the renal tubules to maintain water balance in body fluids; “vasopressin”

Answer 6

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 7

hormones that promote sodium retention and potassium excretion; a deficiency can result in serious illness or death

Answer 7

Corticosteroids

Question 8

an increase in corticosteroid secretion; also called adrenal hypersecretion

Answer 8

Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 9

a deficiency of ADH which causes large amounts of water to be excreted by the kidneys which can lead to severe fluid volume deficit & electrolyte imbalances

Answer 9

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Question 10

excessive growth in childhood

Answer 10

Gigantism

Question 11

hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland that affects carbohydrate, protein & fat metabolism, muscle & blood activity; can cause sodium reabsorption from the kidney resulting in water retention, potassium loss and increased BP

Answer 11

Glucocorticoids

Question 12

the most common type of hyperthyroidism caused by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland; characterized by rapid pulse, palpitations, excessive perspiration, heat intolerance, nervousness, irritability, bulging eyes & weight loss; “thyrotoxicosis”

Answer 12

Graves’ Disease

Question 13

an increase in circulating T4 & T3 levels, which usually results from an overactive thyroid gland or excessive output of thyroid hormones from one or more thyroid nodules

Answer 13

Hyperthyroidism

Question 14

the pituitary gland

Answer 14

Hypophysis

Question 15

a decrease in thyroid hormone secretion having either a primary cause (thyroid glad disorder) or a secondary cause (lack of TSH secretion)

Answer 15

Hypothyroidism

Question 16

a type of corticosteroid that secretes aldosterone

Answer 16

Mineralocorticoids

Question 17

the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 17

Neurohypophysis

Question 18

a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands which regulates calcium levels in the blood

Answer 18

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 19

hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis in response to thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus which stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine (t4) & triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 19

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Question 20

Graves’ disease, the most common type of hyperthyroidism caused by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland

Answer 20

Thyrotoxicosis

Question 21

hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that regulate protein synthesis & enzyme activity & stimulate mitochondrial oxidation

Answer 21

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyromine (T3)

Question 22

Hormones Secreted from the Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary Gland)

Answer 22

(1) growth hormone, (2) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), (3) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and (4) gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH))

Question 23

Hormones Secreted from the Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary Gland)

Answer 23

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) & Ocytocin

Question 24

Side Effects of Thyroxine Drugs (T4)

Answer 24

N&V, anorexia, diarrhea, cramps, tremors, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, headache, weight loss, diaphoresis, amenorrhea

Question 25

Side Effects of Triiodothyronine Drugs (T3)

Answer 25

cardiac side effects

Question 26

occurs when more insulin is administered than needed for glucose metabolism

Answer 26

Hypoglycemic Reaction

Question 27

occurs when there is an inadequate amount of insulin & sugar cannot be metabolized, so fat catabolism occurs...the use of fatty acids for energy results

Answer 27

Ketoacidosis

Question 28

synthetic preparations that stimulate insulin release or otherwise alter the metabolic response to hyperglycemia

Answer 28

Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs or Oral Antidiabetic Drugs

Question 29

increased thirst

Answer 29

Polydipsia

Question 30

increased urine output

Answer 30

Polyuria

Question 31

increased hunger

Answer 31

Polyphagia

Question 32

type of diabetes caused by viral infection, environmental conditions and genetic factors

Answer 32

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 33

type of diabetes caused by heredity and obesity

Answer 33

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 34

Symptoms of Hypoglycemic Reaction

Answer 34

nervousness, trembling, lack of coordination, cold/clammy skin, headache, combativeness, incoherence

Question 35

Rapid-Acting Insulins

Answer 35

clear solution without any added substance to prolong insulin action...lispro (Humalog) & human insulin aspart (NovoLog)

Question 36

Intermediate-Acting Insulin

Answer 36

cloudy solution that contains protamine, a protein that prolongs the action of insulin or zinc, which slows the onset of insulin action (pt. needs several injections per day)...neutral-protamine (NPH), Lente, Humulin N

Question 37

Long-Acting Insulin

Answer 37

clear solution that is given one time per day...Lantus, Levemir

Question 38

Side Effects of Oral Antidiabetics

Answer 38

hypoglycemia (headache, nervousness, sweating, tremors, rapid pulse), visual disturbances, gastric upset

Question 39

drug that increases blood sugar within 10 min. to treat insulin-induced hypoglycemic reactions

Answer 39

Glucagon

Question 40

drugs that increase tissue response to insulin & decrease glucose production by the liver

Answer 40

Oral Antidiabetic Drugs