Ch. 1, 2 & 4 - Drug Action, Interaction, Regulation Flashcards
0
Q
Dissolution
A
Dissolving of smaller particles in GI fluid before absorption
1
Q
Pharmaceutical Phase
A
Drug becomes a solution through disintegration & dissolution in order to cross biologic membrane
2
Q
Disintegration
A
Breakdown of tablet into smaller particles
3
Q
Pharmacokinetics
A
Process of drug movement to achieve drug action
4
Q
Absorption
A
Movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids
5
Q
Absorption
A
Movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids…the primary factor affecting drug bioavailability…
6
Q
Active Absorption
A
Type of absorption that requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move drug against concentration gradient Requires energy
7
Q
Pinocytosis
A
Type of absorption by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles
8
Q
First Pass Effect
A
Process by which the drug passes to the liver first AKA Hepatic First Pass
9
Q
Bioavailability
A
Subcategory of absorption Percentage of the drug dose that reaches systemic circulation
10
Q
Protein Binding Effect
A
A portion of a drug is bound to protein making it inactive & not available to receptors
11
Q
Distribution
A
Process by which a drug becomes available to body fluids & tissues…influenced by blood flow, drug’s affinity to tissue & the protein binding effect…many drugs travel in blood stream via proteins (albumin, globulins)
12
Q
Free Drug
A
A portion of a drug that remains unbound to protein making it active & able to cause a pharmacological response
13
Q
Half life
A
Time is takes for half of the drug concentration to be eliminated
14
Q
Metabolism
A
Process by which the body inactivates drugs or biotransforms drugs…liver is primary site for this
15
Q
Excretion
A
Process by which the body eliminates drugs Main route is the kidneys (urine)
16
Q
Pharmacodynamics
A
The study of the way drugs affect the body
17
Q
Dose Response
A
Relationship between minimal versus the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce result
18
Q
Maximal Efficacy
A
Maximum drug effect
19
Q
Peak of Action
A
Occurs when drug reaches it’s highest blood or plasma concentration
20
Q
Onset of Action
A
Time it takes to reach minimum effective concentration (MEC) after drug is administered…the period of time between drug administration and the first indication the drug was effective
21
Q
Duration of Action
A
Length of time the drug has a pharmacological effect
22
Q
Time Response Curve
A
Chart that evaluates the 3 parameters of drug action: onset, peak & duration
23
Q
Receptor Theory
A
The activity of many drugs is determined by the ability of the drug to bind to a specific receptor The better it fits at the receptor site, the more biologically active the drug is
24
Kinase-Linked Receptors
Ligand-binding domain for drug binding is on cell surface Drug activates enzyme inside cell
25
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Channel spans the cell membrane & opens allowing for flow of ions (primarily sodium & calcium)
26
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Systems
Three components: the receptor, G protein that binds with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) & the effector (enzyme or ion channel)
27
Ligand-Binding Domain
Site on the receptor at which the drug binds
28
Nuclear Receptors
Receptors found in cell nucleus Activation through transcription factors is prolonged
29
Agonists
Drugs that produce response
30
Antagonists
Drugs that block a response
31
Nonspecific Drugs
Affect various sites
32
Nonselective Drugs
Affect various receptors
33
Therapeutic Index
Estimates margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective (therapeutic) dose (ED) in 50% of people and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of people The closer the ratio is to 1, the greater the danger for toxicity
34
Drug Actions
Stimulation/Depression Replacement Inhibition/Killing of Organisms Irritation
35
Therapeutic Range
Therapeutic Window Level of drug between the minimum effective concentration (MEC) in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action & the maximum toxic concentration (toxic effect)
36
Peak Drug Levels
Highest concentration of a drug in the plasma at a specific time Indicates rate of absorption
37
Trough Drug Levels
Lowest concentration of drug in the plasma at a specific time Indicates rate of elimination
38
Loading Dose
Large initial dose given to achieve a rapid MEC when immediate response is desired
39
Side Effects
Physiological effects not related to desired drug effects
40
Adverse Reactions
Range of untoward effects of drugs that cause mild to severe side effects More severe than side effects & always undesirable
41
Toxicity
Toxic effects When drug levels exceed therapeutic range
42
Pharmacogenetics
Scientific discipline of studying how the effect of drugs actions varies from a predicted drug response due to genetic or hereditary factors
43
Tachyphylaxis
Rapid decrease in response to the drug "Acute tolerance"
44
Tolerance
Decreased responsiveness to a drug over the course of therapy
45
Placebo Effect
Psychological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of drug effect
46
U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
Approves new drugs Develops bio markers & other scientific tools Streamlines clinical trials Ensures product safety
47
United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary (USPS-NF)
Current 3 volume authoritative source for drug standards Annual publication with 2 supplements
48
Controlled Substances
Drugs with potential for abuse Described in 5 schedules
49
Chemical Name
Drug name that describes it's chemical structure
50
Generic Name
Drug's official, nonproprietary name
51
Brand Name
Drug name chosen by the drug company that is usually trademarked & owned by that company
52
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
U.S. sole legal drug enforcement agency that is part of the U.S. Department of Justice
53
Drug Interactions
Altered or modified action/effect of a drug as a result of interaction with one or multiple other drugs
54
Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drugs
Obtained without a prescription
55
Drug Incompatibility
Chemical or physical reaction that occurs among 2 or more drugs in vitro (outside the body)
56
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
Changes that occur in absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of a drug
57
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)
Practice of checking serum drug levels Especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutic range & highly protein bound drugs
58
Pharmacodynamic Interactions
Interactions that result in additive, synergistic or antagonistic drug effects
59
Additive Effect
Occurs when 2 drugs with similar actions are administered result in a sum of effects
60
Synergistic Effect
Occurs when 1 drug has a potentiate effect on another Clinical effect is substantially greater than the combined effect of the 2 drugs
61
Antagonistic Effect
Occurs when 2 drugs given have opposite effects & cancel each other out
62
Common symptoms of drug-drug interaction
Nausea, GI upset, headache & dizziness
63
Drug-Food Interactions
Food can increase, decrease or delay drug absorption Food can bind with drugs causing decreased or slower absorption Food may have impact on absorption of different dosage forms
64
Drug-Laboratory Interactions
Abnormal plasma/serum electrolyte concentrations can affect certain drug therapies
65
Drug Induced Photosensitivity
Skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight EX: sulfa drugs
66
Elimination
"Excretion"...Process by which the body eliminates drugs...main route is the kidneys (urine)
67
High Therapeutic Index
A wide margin of safety for drug use
68
Low Therapeutic Index
A narrow margin of safety for drug use
69
Pharmacology
The study of the effects of chemical substances on living tissue. They study of drugs, their sources, nature & properties. The study of the body's reaction to drugs
70
Drug
Any chemical substance that, when administered, produces a change in function of the body.
71
Contraindication
A symptom or circumstance that makes treatment with a drug or device unsafe or inappropriate.
72
Cumulative Effect
A drug effect that is apparent only after several doses have been given. It is caused by excretion or metabolic degradation of only a fraction of each dose given.
73
Informed Consent
A policy in place for the patient's protection. It allows the patient to be informed, without coercion, about healthcare procedures.
74
Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)
An annual compendium of information concerning drugs, primarily prescription and diagnostic products.
75
United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary (USP-NF)
A collection of officially recognized drug names. Includes drugs of established usefulness.
76
Teratogenic
Causing abnormal development of the embryo
77
Off-Label Uses
Used for something other than what it has been approved for...EX: glucophage for weight loss
78
Four Sources of Drugs
Plants, Animals, Minerals & Synthetic
79
1938 Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act
Act that empowered the FDA to monitor & regulate the marketing & manufacturing of drugs
80
1970 Controlled Substances Act
Act that identified a schedule that showed the potential for abuse of drugs
81
Nurse Practice Acts
State laws regarding nursing practice
82
Clinical Pharmacist
A specialist who guides the physician in prescribing drugs (may be stationed on a patient care unit to assist physicians, nurses, and patients.)
83
Pharmacotherapeutics
The study of of the effects of drugs on the body.
84
Chronopharmacology
The study of the actions of drugs in relationship to time
85
Chemotherapy
The study of drugs used to prohibit the growth & production of abnormal cells.
86
Misfeasance
Giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the client's death
87
Nonfeasance
Omitting a drug dose that results in the client's death.
88
Malfeasance
Giving the correct drug but by the wrong route that results in the client's death.
89
Schedule I Drug
A drug with no medical use with very high abuse potential that may lead to severe dependence (EX: heroine, marijuana, LSD, STP, peyote, hashish)
90
Schedule II Drug
A drug with medical use but with high abuse potential that leads to severe physical or psychological dependence (EX: morphine, opium, methadone, secobarbital, codeine, amphetamines, cocaine, oxycodone)
91
Schedule III Drug
A drug with medical use with moderate to low physical abuse potential but high psychological abuse potential (EX: Empirin with codiene, Lortab, Fiorinal, Tylenol with codeine)
92
Schedule IV Drug
A drug with medical use with limited physical or psychological dependence potential (EX: phenobarbital, Librium, Valium, Dalmane)
93
Schedule V Drug
A drug with medical use with very limited phsycial or psychological dependence potential...may not require prescription (EX: Robitussin AC, Lomotil)
94
Ampule
a sealed glass container used to store single doses of liquid injectible drugs
95
Vial
a glass container with rubber stoppers used to store liquid or powdered medication
96
Cartridge
single unit doses of parenteral medications to be used with specific injecting devices
97
Liniments
liquid suspensions for lubrication that are applied by rubbing
98
Ointments
semisolid medications used for local protection or for transdermal systemic effect
99
Troche
an oral preparation that dissolves in the mouth
100
Affinity
The inclination a drug has for binding or attaching itself to a specific receptor site
101
Antimetabolites
drugs which work by combining with cell enzymes because they resemble the usual substances acted on by the enzyme
102
Elimination
the period in which a drug is being excreted from the body
103
Termination
time when the effects of the drug are no longer evident in the body
104
Idiosyncratic Response
an abnormal or peculiar response to a drug (EX: elderly patient stimulated rather than sedated by sleeping medications)
105
Iatrogenic Response
relatively predictable adverse drug responses caused unintentionally by medical treatment (EX: GI ulceration from long term aspirin therapy)
106
Tachyphylaxis Response
a quickly developing tolerance to a drug given in rapid, repeated administrations (EX: using a topical nasal decongestant over just a few days can develop a blunted response)
107
Cumulative Response
results when the body cannot metabolize a dose of the drug before the next dose is given...this means the drug is being excreted more slowly than it is being absorbed
108
Antagonism
occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of the two drugs acting separately
109
Summation
occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of the individual effects of the two drugs
110
Synergism
occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently
111
Potentiation
occurs when two drugs are given concurrently and one increases the effect of the other...the one doing the potentation doesn't have the intended therapeutic effect
112
Competitive Antagonism
occurs when two different drug molecules compete for protein binding sites in the blood
113
Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the 1938 Act
legislation reference to drug labels & increased control on drug safety
114
FDA Modernization Act of 1997
legislation act that accelerated review of new drugs, required drug companies to provide info on off-label drugs & offer advanced notices of plans to discontinue drugs
115
# Reversed
Drug becomes a solution through disintegration & dissolution in order to cross biologic membrane
Pharmaceutical Phase
116
# Reversed
Dissolving of smaller particles in GI fluid before absorption
Dissolution
117
# Reversed
Breakdown of tablet into smaller particles
Disintegration
118
# Reversed
Process of drug movement to achieve drug action
Pharmacokinetics
119
# Reversed
Movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids
Absorption
120
# Reversed
Movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids...the primary factor affecting drug bioavailability...
Absorption
121
# Reversed
Type of absorption that requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move drug against concentration gradient Requires energy
Active Absorption
122
# Reversed
Type of absorption by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles
Pinocytosis
123
# Reversed
Process by which the drug passes to the liver first AKA Hepatic First Pass
First Pass Effect
124
# Reversed
Subcategory of absorption Percentage of the drug dose that reaches systemic circulation
Bioavailability
125
# Reversed
A portion of a drug is bound to protein making it inactive & not available to receptors
Protein Binding Effect
126
# Reversed
Process by which a drug becomes available to body fluids & tissues...influenced by blood flow, drug's affinity to tissue & the protein binding effect...many drugs travel in blood stream via proteins (albumin, globulins)
Distribution
127
# Reversed
A portion of a drug that remains unbound to protein making it active & able to cause a pharmacological response
Free Drug
128
# Reversed
Time is takes for half of the drug concentration to be eliminated
Half life
129
# Reversed
Process by which the body inactivates drugs or biotransforms drugs...liver is primary site for this
Metabolism
130
# Reversed
Process by which the body eliminates drugs Main route is the kidneys (urine)
Excretion
131
# Reversed
The study of the way drugs affect the body
Pharmacodynamics
132
# Reversed
Relationship between minimal versus the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce result
Dose Response
133
# Reversed
Maximum drug effect
Maximal Efficacy
134
# Reversed
Occurs when drug reaches it's highest blood or plasma concentration
Peak of Action
135
# Reversed
Time it takes to reach minimum effective concentration (MEC) after drug is administered...the period of time between drug administration and the first indication the drug was effective
Onset of Action
136
# Reversed
Length of time the drug has a pharmacological effect
Duration of Action
137
# Reversed
Chart that evaluates the 3 parameters of drug action: onset, peak & duration
Time Response Curve
138
# Reversed
The activity of many drugs is determined by the ability of the drug to bind to a specific receptor The better it fits at the receptor site, the more biologically active the drug is
Receptor Theory
139
# Reversed
Ligand-binding domain for drug binding is on cell surface Drug activates enzyme inside cell
Kinase-Linked Receptors
140
# Reversed
Channel spans the cell membrane & opens allowing for flow of ions (primarily sodium & calcium)
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
141
# Reversed
Three components: the receptor, G protein that binds with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) & the effector (enzyme or ion channel)
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Systems
142
# Reversed
Site on the receptor at which the drug binds
Ligand-Binding Domain
143
# Reversed
Receptors found in cell nucleus Activation through transcription factors is prolonged
Nuclear Receptors
144
# Reversed
Drugs that produce response
Agonists
145
# Reversed
Drugs that block a response
Antagonists
146
# Reversed
Affect various sites
Nonspecific Drugs
147
# Reversed
Affect various receptors
Nonselective Drugs
148
# Reversed
Estimates margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective (therapeutic) dose (ED) in 50% of people and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of people The closer the ratio is to 1, the greater the danger for toxicity
Therapeutic Index
149
# Reversed
Stimulation/Depression Replacement Inhibition/Killing of Organisms Irritation
Drug Actions
150
# Reversed
Therapeutic Window Level of drug between the minimum effective concentration (MEC) in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action & the maximum toxic concentration (toxic effect)
Therapeutic Range
151
# Reversed
Highest concentration of a drug in the plasma at a specific time Indicates rate of absorption
Peak Drug Levels
152
# Reversed
Lowest concentration of drug in the plasma at a specific time Indicates rate of elimination
Trough Drug Levels
153
# Reversed
Large initial dose given to achieve a rapid MEC when immediate response is desired
Loading Dose
154
# Reversed
Physiological effects not related to desired drug effects
Side Effects
155
# Reversed
Range of untoward effects of drugs that cause mild to severe side effects More severe than side effects & always undesirable
Adverse Reactions
156
# Reversed
Toxic effects When drug levels exceed therapeutic range
Toxicity
157
# Reversed
Scientific discipline of studying how the effect of drugs actions varies from a predicted drug response due to genetic or hereditary factors
Pharmacogenetics
158
# Reversed
Rapid decrease in response to the drug "Acute tolerance"
Tachyphylaxis
159
# Reversed
Decreased responsiveness to a drug over the course of therapy
Tolerance
160
# Reversed
Psychological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of drug effect
Placebo Effect
161
# Reversed
Approves new drugs Develops bio markers & other scientific tools Streamlines clinical trials Ensures product safety
U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
162
# Reversed
Current 3 volume authoritative source for drug standards Annual publication with 2 supplements
United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary (USPS-NF)
163
# Reversed
Drugs with potential for abuse Described in 5 schedules
Controlled Substances
164
# Reversed
Drug name that describes it's chemical structure
Chemical Name
165
# Reversed
Drug's official, nonproprietary name
Generic Name
166
# Reversed
Drug name chosen by the drug company that is usually trademarked & owned by that company
Brand Name
167
# Reversed
U.S. sole legal drug enforcement agency that is part of the U.S. Department of Justice
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
168
# Reversed
Altered or modified action/effect of a drug as a result of interaction with one or multiple other drugs
Drug Interactions
169
# Reversed
Obtained without a prescription
Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drugs
170
# Reversed
Chemical or physical reaction that occurs among 2 or more drugs in vitro (outside the body)
Drug Incompatibility
171
# Reversed
Changes that occur in absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of a drug
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
172
# Reversed
Practice of checking serum drug levels Especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutic range & highly protein bound drugs
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)
173
# Reversed
Interactions that result in additive, synergistic or antagonistic drug effects
Pharmacodynamic Interactions
174
# Reversed
Occurs when 2 drugs with similar actions are administered result in a sum of effects
Additive Effect
175
# Reversed
Occurs when 1 drug has a potentiate effect on another Clinical effect is substantially greater than the combined effect of the 2 drugs
Synergistic Effect
176
# Reversed
Occurs when 2 drugs given have opposite effects & cancel each other out
Antagonistic Effect
177
# Reversed
Nausea, GI upset, headache & dizziness
Common symptoms of drug-drug interaction
178
# Reversed
Food can increase, decrease or delay drug absorption Food can bind with drugs causing decreased or slower absorption Food may have impact on absorption of different dosage forms
Drug-Food Interactions
179
# Reversed
Abnormal plasma/serum electrolyte concentrations can affect certain drug therapies
Drug-Laboratory Interactions
180
# Reversed
Skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight EX: sulfa drugs
Drug Induced Photosensitivity
181
# Reversed
"Excretion"...Process by which the body eliminates drugs...main route is the kidneys (urine)
Elimination
182
# Reversed
A wide margin of safety for drug use
High Therapeutic Index
183
# Reversed
A narrow margin of safety for drug use
Low Therapeutic Index
184
# Reversed
The study of the effects of chemical substances on living tissue. They study of drugs, their sources, nature & properties. The study of the body's reaction to drugs
Pharmacology
185
# Reversed
Any chemical substance that, when administered, produces a change in function of the body.
Drug
186
# Reversed
A symptom or circumstance that makes treatment with a drug or device unsafe or inappropriate.
Contraindication
187
# Reversed
A drug effect that is apparent only after several doses have been given. It is caused by excretion or metabolic degradation of only a fraction of each dose given.
Cumulative Effect
188
# Reversed
A policy in place for the patient's protection. It allows the patient to be informed, without coercion, about healthcare procedures.
Informed Consent
189
# Reversed
An annual compendium of information concerning drugs, primarily prescription and diagnostic products.
Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)
190
# Reversed
A collection of officially recognized drug names. Includes drugs of established usefulness.
United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary (USP-NF)
191
# Reversed
Causing abnormal development of the embryo
Teratogenic
192
# Reversed
Used for something other than what it has been approved for...EX: glucophage for weight loss
Off-Label Uses
193
# Reversed
Plants, Animals, Minerals & Synthetic
Four Sources of Drugs
194
# Reversed
Act that empowered the FDA to monitor & regulate the marketing & manufacturing of drugs
1938 Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act
195
# Reversed
Act that identified a schedule that showed the potential for abuse of drugs
1970 Controlled Substances Act
196
# Reversed
State laws regarding nursing practice
Nurse Practice Acts
197
# Reversed
A specialist who guides the physician in prescribing drugs (may be stationed on a patient care unit to assist physicians, nurses, and patients.)
Clinical Pharmacist
198
# Reversed
The study of of the effects of drugs on the body.
Pharmacotherapeutics
199
# Reversed
The study of the actions of drugs in relationship to time
Chronopharmacology
200
# Reversed
The study of drugs used to prohibit the growth & production of abnormal cells.
Chemotherapy
201
# Reversed
Giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the client's death
Misfeasance
202
# Reversed
Omitting a drug dose that results in the client's death.
Nonfeasance
203
# Reversed
Giving the correct drug but by the wrong route that results in the client's death.
Malfeasance
204
# Reversed
A drug with no medical use with very high abuse potential that may lead to severe dependence (EX: heroine, marijuana, LSD, STP, peyote, hashish)
Schedule I Drug
205
# Reversed
A drug with medical use but with high abuse potential that leads to severe physical or psychological dependence (EX: morphine, opium, methadone, secobarbital, codeine, amphetamines, cocaine, oxycodone)
Schedule II Drug
206
# Reversed
A drug with medical use with moderate to low physical abuse potential but high psychological abuse potential (EX: Empirin with codiene, Lortab, Fiorinal, Tylenol with codeine)
Schedule III Drug
207
# Reversed
A drug with medical use with limited physical or psychological dependence potential (EX: phenobarbital, Librium, Valium, Dalmane)
Schedule IV Drug
208
# Reversed
A drug with medical use with very limited phsycial or psychological dependence potential...may not require prescription (EX: Robitussin AC, Lomotil)
Schedule V Drug
209
# Reversed
a sealed glass container used to store single doses of liquid injectible drugs
Ampule
210
# Reversed
a glass container with rubber stoppers used to store liquid or powdered medication
Vial
211
# Reversed
single unit doses of parenteral medications to be used with specific injecting devices
Cartridge
212
# Reversed
liquid suspensions for lubrication that are applied by rubbing
Liniments
213
# Reversed
semisolid medications used for local protection or for transdermal systemic effect
Ointments
214
# Reversed
an oral preparation that dissolves in the mouth
Troche
215
# Reversed
The inclination a drug has for binding or attaching itself to a specific receptor site
Affinity
216
# Reversed
drugs which work by combining with cell enzymes because they resemble the usual substances acted on by the enzyme
Antimetabolites
217
# Reversed
the period in which a drug is being excreted from the body
Elimination
218
# Reversed
time when the effects of the drug are no longer evident in the body
Termination
219
# Reversed
an abnormal or peculiar response to a drug (EX: elderly patient stimulated rather than sedated by sleeping medications)
Idiosyncratic Response
220
# Reversed
relatively predictable adverse drug responses caused unintentionally by medical treatment (EX: GI ulceration from long term aspirin therapy)
Iatrogenic Response
221
# Reversed
a quickly developing tolerance to a drug given in rapid, repeated administrations (EX: using a topical nasal decongestant over just a few days can develop a blunted response)
Tachyphylaxis Response
222
# Reversed
results when the body cannot metabolize a dose of the drug before the next dose is given...this means the drug is being excreted more slowly than it is being absorbed
Cumulative Response
223
# Reversed
occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of the two drugs acting separately
Antagonism
224
# Reversed
occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of the individual effects of the two drugs
Summation
225
# Reversed
occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently
Synergism
226
# Reversed
occurs when two drugs are given concurrently and one increases the effect of the other...the one doing the potentation doesn't have the intended therapeutic effect
Potentiation
227
# Reversed
occurs when two different drug molecules compete for protein binding sites in the blood
Competitive Antagonism
228
# Reversed
legislation reference to drug labels & increased control on drug safety
Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the 1938 Act
229
# Reversed
legislation act that accelerated review of new drugs, required drug companies to provide info on off-label drugs & offer advanced notices of plans to discontinue drugs
FDA Modernization Act of 1997
