Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Ch. 1, 2 & 4 - Drug Action, Interaction, Regulation > Flashcards

Ch. 1, 2 & 4 - Drug Action, Interaction, Regulation Flashcards

0
Q

Dissolution

A

Dissolving of smaller particles in GI fluid before absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Pharmaceutical Phase

A

Drug becomes a solution through disintegration & dissolution in order to cross biologic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disintegration

A

Breakdown of tablet into smaller particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Process of drug movement to achieve drug action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids…the primary factor affecting drug bioavailability…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Active Absorption

A

Type of absorption that requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move drug against concentration gradient Requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Type of absorption by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

First Pass Effect

A

Process by which the drug passes to the liver first AKA Hepatic First Pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bioavailability

A

Subcategory of absorption Percentage of the drug dose that reaches systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Protein Binding Effect

A

A portion of a drug is bound to protein making it inactive & not available to receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Distribution

A

Process by which a drug becomes available to body fluids & tissues…influenced by blood flow, drug’s affinity to tissue & the protein binding effect…many drugs travel in blood stream via proteins (albumin, globulins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Free Drug

A

A portion of a drug that remains unbound to protein making it active & able to cause a pharmacological response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Half life

A

Time is takes for half of the drug concentration to be eliminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metabolism

A

Process by which the body inactivates drugs or biotransforms drugs…liver is primary site for this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Excretion

A

Process by which the body eliminates drugs Main route is the kidneys (urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the way drugs affect the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dose Response

A

Relationship between minimal versus the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Maximal Efficacy

A

Maximum drug effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peak of Action

A

Occurs when drug reaches it’s highest blood or plasma concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Onset of Action

A

Time it takes to reach minimum effective concentration (MEC) after drug is administered…the period of time between drug administration and the first indication the drug was effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Duration of Action

A

Length of time the drug has a pharmacological effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Time Response Curve

A

Chart that evaluates the 3 parameters of drug action: onset, peak & duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Receptor Theory

A

The activity of many drugs is determined by the ability of the drug to bind to a specific receptor The better it fits at the receptor site, the more biologically active the drug is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Kinase-Linked Receptors

A

Ligand-binding domain for drug binding is on cell surface Drug activates enzyme inside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

A

Channel spans the cell membrane & opens allowing for flow of ions (primarily sodium & calcium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

G Protein-Coupled Receptor Systems

A

Three components: the receptor, G protein that binds with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) & the effector (enzyme or ion channel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ligand-Binding Domain

A

Site on the receptor at which the drug binds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nuclear Receptors

A

Receptors found in cell nucleus Activation through transcription factors is prolonged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that produce response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that block a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nonspecific Drugs

A

Affect various sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nonselective Drugs

A

Affect various receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Estimates margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective (therapeutic) dose (ED) in 50% of people and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of people The closer the ratio is to 1, the greater the danger for toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Drug Actions

A

Stimulation/Depression Replacement Inhibition/Killing of Organisms Irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Therapeutic Range

A

Therapeutic Window Level of drug between the minimum effective concentration (MEC) in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action & the maximum toxic concentration (toxic effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Peak Drug Levels

A

Highest concentration of a drug in the plasma at a specific time Indicates rate of absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Trough Drug Levels

A

Lowest concentration of drug in the plasma at a specific time Indicates rate of elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Loading Dose

A

Large initial dose given to achieve a rapid MEC when immediate response is desired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Side Effects

A

Physiological effects not related to desired drug effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Adverse Reactions

A

Range of untoward effects of drugs that cause mild to severe side effects More severe than side effects & always undesirable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Toxicity

A

Toxic effects When drug levels exceed therapeutic range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

Scientific discipline of studying how the effect of drugs actions varies from a predicted drug response due to genetic or hereditary factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

Rapid decrease in response to the drug “Acute tolerance”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreased responsiveness to a drug over the course of therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Psychological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of drug effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)

A

Approves new drugs Develops bio markers & other scientific tools Streamlines clinical trials Ensures product safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary (USPS-NF)

A

Current 3 volume authoritative source for drug standards Annual publication with 2 supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Controlled Substances

A

Drugs with potential for abuse Described in 5 schedules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Chemical Name

A

Drug name that describes it’s chemical structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Generic Name

A

Drug’s official, nonproprietary name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Brand Name

A

Drug name chosen by the drug company that is usually trademarked & owned by that company

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

A

U.S. sole legal drug enforcement agency that is part of the U.S. Department of Justice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Drug Interactions

A

Altered or modified action/effect of a drug as a result of interaction with one or multiple other drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drugs

A

Obtained without a prescription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Drug Incompatibility

A

Chemical or physical reaction that occurs among 2 or more drugs in vitro (outside the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Pharmacokinetic Interactions

A

Changes that occur in absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of a drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)

A

Practice of checking serum drug levels Especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutic range & highly protein bound drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Pharmacodynamic Interactions

A

Interactions that result in additive, synergistic or antagonistic drug effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Additive Effect

A

Occurs when 2 drugs with similar actions are administered result in a sum of effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Synergistic Effect

A

Occurs when 1 drug has a potentiate effect on another Clinical effect is substantially greater than the combined effect of the 2 drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Antagonistic Effect

A

Occurs when 2 drugs given have opposite effects & cancel each other out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Common symptoms of drug-drug interaction

A

Nausea, GI upset, headache & dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Drug-Food Interactions

A

Food can increase, decrease or delay drug absorption Food can bind with drugs causing decreased or slower absorption Food may have impact on absorption of different dosage forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Drug-Laboratory Interactions

A

Abnormal plasma/serum electrolyte concentrations can affect certain drug therapies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Drug Induced Photosensitivity

A

Skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight EX: sulfa drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Elimination

A

“Excretion”…Process by which the body eliminates drugs…main route is the kidneys (urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

High Therapeutic Index

A

A wide margin of safety for drug use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Low Therapeutic Index

A

A narrow margin of safety for drug use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of the effects of chemical substances on living tissue. They study of drugs, their sources, nature & properties. The study of the body’s reaction to drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical substance that, when administered, produces a change in function of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Contraindication

A

A symptom or circumstance that makes treatment with a drug or device unsafe or inappropriate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Cumulative Effect

A

A drug effect that is apparent only after several doses have been given. It is caused by excretion or metabolic degradation of only a fraction of each dose given.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Informed Consent

A

A policy in place for the patient’s protection. It allows the patient to be informed, without coercion, about healthcare procedures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)

A

An annual compendium of information concerning drugs, primarily prescription and diagnostic products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary (USP-NF)

A

A collection of officially recognized drug names. Includes drugs of established usefulness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Teratogenic

A

Causing abnormal development of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Off-Label Uses

A

Used for something other than what it has been approved for…EX: glucophage for weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Four Sources of Drugs

A

Plants, Animals, Minerals & Synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

1938 Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act

A

Act that empowered the FDA to monitor & regulate the marketing & manufacturing of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

1970 Controlled Substances Act

A

Act that identified a schedule that showed the potential for abuse of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Nurse Practice Acts

A

State laws regarding nursing practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Clinical Pharmacist

A

A specialist who guides the physician in prescribing drugs (may be stationed on a patient care unit to assist physicians, nurses, and patients.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

The study of of the effects of drugs on the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Chronopharmacology

A

The study of the actions of drugs in relationship to time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Chemotherapy

A

The study of drugs used to prohibit the growth & production of abnormal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Misfeasance

A

Giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the client’s death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Nonfeasance

A

Omitting a drug dose that results in the client’s death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Malfeasance

A

Giving the correct drug but by the wrong route that results in the client’s death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Schedule I Drug

A

A drug with no medical use with very high abuse potential that may lead to severe dependence (EX: heroine, marijuana, LSD, STP, peyote, hashish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Schedule II Drug

A

A drug with medical use but with high abuse potential that leads to severe physical or psychological dependence (EX: morphine, opium, methadone, secobarbital, codeine, amphetamines, cocaine, oxycodone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Schedule III Drug

A

A drug with medical use with moderate to low physical abuse potential but high psychological abuse potential (EX: Empirin with codiene, Lortab, Fiorinal, Tylenol with codeine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Schedule IV Drug

A

A drug with medical use with limited physical or psychological dependence potential (EX: phenobarbital, Librium, Valium, Dalmane)

93
Q

Schedule V Drug

A

A drug with medical use with very limited phsycial or psychological dependence potential…may not require prescription (EX: Robitussin AC, Lomotil)

94
Q

Ampule

A

a sealed glass container used to store single doses of liquid injectible drugs

95
Q

Vial

A

a glass container with rubber stoppers used to store liquid or powdered medication

96
Q

Cartridge

A

single unit doses of parenteral medications to be used with specific injecting devices

97
Q

Liniments

A

liquid suspensions for lubrication that are applied by rubbing

98
Q

Ointments

A

semisolid medications used for local protection or for transdermal systemic effect

99
Q

Troche

A

an oral preparation that dissolves in the mouth

100
Q

Affinity

A

The inclination a drug has for binding or attaching itself to a specific receptor site

101
Q

Antimetabolites

A

drugs which work by combining with cell enzymes because they resemble the usual substances acted on by the enzyme

102
Q

Elimination

A

the period in which a drug is being excreted from the body

103
Q

Termination

A

time when the effects of the drug are no longer evident in the body

104
Q

Idiosyncratic Response

A

an abnormal or peculiar response to a drug (EX: elderly patient stimulated rather than sedated by sleeping medications)

105
Q

Iatrogenic Response

A

relatively predictable adverse drug responses caused unintentionally by medical treatment (EX: GI ulceration from long term aspirin therapy)

106
Q

Tachyphylaxis Response

A

a quickly developing tolerance to a drug given in rapid, repeated administrations (EX: using a topical nasal decongestant over just a few days can develop a blunted response)

107
Q

Cumulative Response

A

results when the body cannot metabolize a dose of the drug before the next dose is given…this means the drug is being excreted more slowly than it is being absorbed

108
Q

Antagonism

A

occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of the two drugs acting separately

109
Q

Summation

A

occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of the individual effects of the two drugs

110
Q

Synergism

A

occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently

111
Q

Potentiation

A

occurs when two drugs are given concurrently and one increases the effect of the other…the one doing the potentation doesn’t have the intended therapeutic effect

112
Q

Competitive Antagonism

A

occurs when two different drug molecules compete for protein binding sites in the blood

113
Q

Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the 1938 Act

A

legislation reference to drug labels & increased control on drug safety

114
Q

FDA Modernization Act of 1997

A

legislation act that accelerated review of new drugs, required drug companies to provide info on off-label drugs & offer advanced notices of plans to discontinue drugs

115
Q

Reversed

Drug becomes a solution through disintegration & dissolution in order to cross biologic membrane

A

Pharmaceutical Phase

116
Q

Reversed

Dissolving of smaller particles in GI fluid before absorption

A

Dissolution

117
Q

Reversed

Breakdown of tablet into smaller particles

A

Disintegration

118
Q

Reversed

Process of drug movement to achieve drug action

A

Pharmacokinetics

119
Q

Reversed

Movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids

A

Absorption

120
Q

Reversed

Movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids…the primary factor affecting drug bioavailability…

A

Absorption

121
Q

Reversed

Type of absorption that requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move drug against concentration gradient Requires energy

A

Active Absorption

122
Q

Reversed

Type of absorption by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles

A

Pinocytosis

123
Q

Reversed

Process by which the drug passes to the liver first AKA Hepatic First Pass

A

First Pass Effect

124
Q

Reversed

Subcategory of absorption Percentage of the drug dose that reaches systemic circulation

A

Bioavailability

125
Q

Reversed

A portion of a drug is bound to protein making it inactive & not available to receptors

A

Protein Binding Effect

126
Q

Reversed

Process by which a drug becomes available to body fluids & tissues…influenced by blood flow, drug’s affinity to tissue & the protein binding effect…many drugs travel in blood stream via proteins (albumin, globulins)

A

Distribution

127
Q

Reversed

A portion of a drug that remains unbound to protein making it active & able to cause a pharmacological response

A

Free Drug

128
Q

Reversed

Time is takes for half of the drug concentration to be eliminated

A

Half life

129
Q

Reversed

Process by which the body inactivates drugs or biotransforms drugs…liver is primary site for this

A

Metabolism

130
Q

Reversed

Process by which the body eliminates drugs Main route is the kidneys (urine)

A

Excretion

131
Q

Reversed

The study of the way drugs affect the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

132
Q

Reversed

Relationship between minimal versus the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce result

A

Dose Response

133
Q

Reversed

Maximum drug effect

A

Maximal Efficacy

134
Q

Reversed

Occurs when drug reaches it’s highest blood or plasma concentration

A

Peak of Action

135
Q

Reversed

Time it takes to reach minimum effective concentration (MEC) after drug is administered…the period of time between drug administration and the first indication the drug was effective

A

Onset of Action

136
Q

Reversed

Length of time the drug has a pharmacological effect

A

Duration of Action

137
Q

Reversed

Chart that evaluates the 3 parameters of drug action: onset, peak & duration

A

Time Response Curve

138
Q

Reversed

The activity of many drugs is determined by the ability of the drug to bind to a specific receptor The better it fits at the receptor site, the more biologically active the drug is

A

Receptor Theory

139
Q

Reversed

Ligand-binding domain for drug binding is on cell surface Drug activates enzyme inside cell

A

Kinase-Linked Receptors

140
Q

Reversed

Channel spans the cell membrane & opens allowing for flow of ions (primarily sodium & calcium)

A

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

141
Q

Reversed

Three components: the receptor, G protein that binds with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) & the effector (enzyme or ion channel)

A

G Protein-Coupled Receptor Systems

142
Q

Reversed

Site on the receptor at which the drug binds

A

Ligand-Binding Domain

143
Q

Reversed

Receptors found in cell nucleus Activation through transcription factors is prolonged

A

Nuclear Receptors

144
Q

Reversed

Drugs that produce response

A

Agonists

145
Q

Reversed

Drugs that block a response

A

Antagonists

146
Q

Reversed

Affect various sites

A

Nonspecific Drugs

147
Q

Reversed

Affect various receptors

A

Nonselective Drugs

148
Q

Reversed

Estimates margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective (therapeutic) dose (ED) in 50% of people and the lethal dose (LD) in 50% of people The closer the ratio is to 1, the greater the danger for toxicity

A

Therapeutic Index

149
Q

Reversed

Stimulation/Depression Replacement Inhibition/Killing of Organisms Irritation

A

Drug Actions

150
Q

Reversed

Therapeutic Window Level of drug between the minimum effective concentration (MEC) in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action & the maximum toxic concentration (toxic effect)

A

Therapeutic Range

151
Q

Reversed

Highest concentration of a drug in the plasma at a specific time Indicates rate of absorption

A

Peak Drug Levels

152
Q

Reversed

Lowest concentration of drug in the plasma at a specific time Indicates rate of elimination

A

Trough Drug Levels

153
Q

Reversed

Large initial dose given to achieve a rapid MEC when immediate response is desired

A

Loading Dose

154
Q

Reversed

Physiological effects not related to desired drug effects

A

Side Effects

155
Q

Reversed

Range of untoward effects of drugs that cause mild to severe side effects More severe than side effects & always undesirable

A

Adverse Reactions

156
Q

Reversed

Toxic effects When drug levels exceed therapeutic range

A

Toxicity

157
Q

Reversed

Scientific discipline of studying how the effect of drugs actions varies from a predicted drug response due to genetic or hereditary factors

A

Pharmacogenetics

158
Q

Reversed

Rapid decrease in response to the drug “Acute tolerance”

A

Tachyphylaxis

159
Q

Reversed

Decreased responsiveness to a drug over the course of therapy

A

Tolerance

160
Q

Reversed

Psychological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of drug effect

A

Placebo Effect

161
Q

Reversed

Approves new drugs Develops bio markers & other scientific tools Streamlines clinical trials Ensures product safety

A

U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA)

162
Q

Reversed

Current 3 volume authoritative source for drug standards Annual publication with 2 supplements

A

United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary (USPS-NF)

163
Q

Reversed

Drugs with potential for abuse Described in 5 schedules

A

Controlled Substances

164
Q

Reversed

Drug name that describes it’s chemical structure

A

Chemical Name

165
Q

Reversed

Drug’s official, nonproprietary name

A

Generic Name

166
Q

Reversed

Drug name chosen by the drug company that is usually trademarked & owned by that company

A

Brand Name

167
Q

Reversed

U.S. sole legal drug enforcement agency that is part of the U.S. Department of Justice

A

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

168
Q

Reversed

Altered or modified action/effect of a drug as a result of interaction with one or multiple other drugs

A

Drug Interactions

169
Q

Reversed

Obtained without a prescription

A

Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drugs

170
Q

Reversed

Chemical or physical reaction that occurs among 2 or more drugs in vitro (outside the body)

A

Drug Incompatibility

171
Q

Reversed

Changes that occur in absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of a drug

A

Pharmacokinetic Interactions

172
Q

Reversed

Practice of checking serum drug levels Especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutic range & highly protein bound drugs

A

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)

173
Q

Reversed

Interactions that result in additive, synergistic or antagonistic drug effects

A

Pharmacodynamic Interactions

174
Q

Reversed

Occurs when 2 drugs with similar actions are administered result in a sum of effects

A

Additive Effect

175
Q

Reversed

Occurs when 1 drug has a potentiate effect on another Clinical effect is substantially greater than the combined effect of the 2 drugs

A

Synergistic Effect

176
Q

Reversed

Occurs when 2 drugs given have opposite effects & cancel each other out

A

Antagonistic Effect

177
Q

Reversed

Nausea, GI upset, headache & dizziness

A

Common symptoms of drug-drug interaction

178
Q

Reversed

Food can increase, decrease or delay drug absorption Food can bind with drugs causing decreased or slower absorption Food may have impact on absorption of different dosage forms

A

Drug-Food Interactions

179
Q

Reversed

Abnormal plasma/serum electrolyte concentrations can affect certain drug therapies

A

Drug-Laboratory Interactions

180
Q

Reversed

Skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight EX: sulfa drugs

A

Drug Induced Photosensitivity

181
Q

Reversed

“Excretion”…Process by which the body eliminates drugs…main route is the kidneys (urine)

A

Elimination

182
Q

Reversed

A wide margin of safety for drug use

A

High Therapeutic Index

183
Q

Reversed

A narrow margin of safety for drug use

A

Low Therapeutic Index

184
Q

Reversed

The study of the effects of chemical substances on living tissue. They study of drugs, their sources, nature & properties. The study of the body’s reaction to drugs

A

Pharmacology

185
Q

Reversed

Any chemical substance that, when administered, produces a change in function of the body.

A

Drug

186
Q

Reversed

A symptom or circumstance that makes treatment with a drug or device unsafe or inappropriate.

A

Contraindication

187
Q

Reversed

A drug effect that is apparent only after several doses have been given. It is caused by excretion or metabolic degradation of only a fraction of each dose given.

A

Cumulative Effect

188
Q

Reversed

A policy in place for the patient’s protection. It allows the patient to be informed, without coercion, about healthcare procedures.

A

Informed Consent

189
Q

Reversed

An annual compendium of information concerning drugs, primarily prescription and diagnostic products.

A

Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)

190
Q

Reversed

A collection of officially recognized drug names. Includes drugs of established usefulness.

A

United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary (USP-NF)

191
Q

Reversed

Causing abnormal development of the embryo

A

Teratogenic

192
Q

Reversed

Used for something other than what it has been approved for…EX: glucophage for weight loss

A

Off-Label Uses

193
Q

Reversed

Plants, Animals, Minerals & Synthetic

A

Four Sources of Drugs

194
Q

Reversed

Act that empowered the FDA to monitor & regulate the marketing & manufacturing of drugs

A

1938 Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act

195
Q

Reversed

Act that identified a schedule that showed the potential for abuse of drugs

A

1970 Controlled Substances Act

196
Q

Reversed

State laws regarding nursing practice

A

Nurse Practice Acts

197
Q

Reversed

A specialist who guides the physician in prescribing drugs (may be stationed on a patient care unit to assist physicians, nurses, and patients.)

A

Clinical Pharmacist

198
Q

Reversed

The study of of the effects of drugs on the body.

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

199
Q

Reversed

The study of the actions of drugs in relationship to time

A

Chronopharmacology

200
Q

Reversed

The study of drugs used to prohibit the growth & production of abnormal cells.

A

Chemotherapy

201
Q

Reversed

Giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the client’s death

A

Misfeasance

202
Q

Reversed

Omitting a drug dose that results in the client’s death.

A

Nonfeasance

203
Q

Reversed

Giving the correct drug but by the wrong route that results in the client’s death.

A

Malfeasance

204
Q

Reversed

A drug with no medical use with very high abuse potential that may lead to severe dependence (EX: heroine, marijuana, LSD, STP, peyote, hashish)

A

Schedule I Drug

205
Q

Reversed

A drug with medical use but with high abuse potential that leads to severe physical or psychological dependence (EX: morphine, opium, methadone, secobarbital, codeine, amphetamines, cocaine, oxycodone)

A

Schedule II Drug

206
Q

Reversed

A drug with medical use with moderate to low physical abuse potential but high psychological abuse potential (EX: Empirin with codiene, Lortab, Fiorinal, Tylenol with codeine)

A

Schedule III Drug

207
Q

Reversed

A drug with medical use with limited physical or psychological dependence potential (EX: phenobarbital, Librium, Valium, Dalmane)

A

Schedule IV Drug

208
Q

Reversed

A drug with medical use with very limited phsycial or psychological dependence potential…may not require prescription (EX: Robitussin AC, Lomotil)

A

Schedule V Drug

209
Q

Reversed

a sealed glass container used to store single doses of liquid injectible drugs

A

Ampule

210
Q

Reversed

a glass container with rubber stoppers used to store liquid or powdered medication

A

Vial

211
Q

Reversed

single unit doses of parenteral medications to be used with specific injecting devices

A

Cartridge

212
Q

Reversed

liquid suspensions for lubrication that are applied by rubbing

A

Liniments

213
Q

Reversed

semisolid medications used for local protection or for transdermal systemic effect

A

Ointments

214
Q

Reversed

an oral preparation that dissolves in the mouth

A

Troche

215
Q

Reversed

The inclination a drug has for binding or attaching itself to a specific receptor site

A

Affinity

216
Q

Reversed

drugs which work by combining with cell enzymes because they resemble the usual substances acted on by the enzyme

A

Antimetabolites

217
Q

Reversed

the period in which a drug is being excreted from the body

A

Elimination

218
Q

Reversed

time when the effects of the drug are no longer evident in the body

A

Termination

219
Q

Reversed

an abnormal or peculiar response to a drug (EX: elderly patient stimulated rather than sedated by sleeping medications)

A

Idiosyncratic Response

220
Q

Reversed

relatively predictable adverse drug responses caused unintentionally by medical treatment (EX: GI ulceration from long term aspirin therapy)

A

Iatrogenic Response

221
Q

Reversed

a quickly developing tolerance to a drug given in rapid, repeated administrations (EX: using a topical nasal decongestant over just a few days can develop a blunted response)

A

Tachyphylaxis Response

222
Q

Reversed

results when the body cannot metabolize a dose of the drug before the next dose is given…this means the drug is being excreted more slowly than it is being absorbed

A

Cumulative Response

223
Q

Reversed

occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of the two drugs acting separately

A

Antagonism

224
Q

Reversed

occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of the individual effects of the two drugs

A

Summation

225
Q

Reversed

occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently

A

Synergism

226
Q

Reversed

occurs when two drugs are given concurrently and one increases the effect of the other…the one doing the potentation doesn’t have the intended therapeutic effect

A

Potentiation

227
Q

Reversed

occurs when two different drug molecules compete for protein binding sites in the blood

A

Competitive Antagonism

228
Q

Reversed

legislation reference to drug labels & increased control on drug safety

A

Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the 1938 Act

229
Q

Reversed

legislation act that accelerated review of new drugs, required drug companies to provide info on off-label drugs & offer advanced notices of plans to discontinue drugs

A

FDA Modernization Act of 1997

Pharmacology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions