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BMSC208 > GI 2 and 3 > Flashcards

GI 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable units

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2
Q

Secretion

A

Movement of material from cells of the lumen or ECF

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3
Q

Absorbtion

A

Movement of material from GI lumen to ECF

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4
Q

mobility

A

Movement of material through the GI tract as a result of muscle contraction

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5
Q

Challenges of the digestive system

A

Avoiding autodigestion
Defense
Maintaining mass balance

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6
Q

Avoiding Autodigestion

A

Breaking food down into small enough molecules to be absorbed without digesting the cell of the GI tract

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7
Q

Defense

A

Absorbing water and nutrients while preventing bacteria, viruses and other pathogens from entering the body.

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8
Q

mechanisms of defense

A

Mucus, digestive enzymes, acid and the largest collection of lymphoid tissue

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9
Q

Fluid secretions

A

Water, Digestive Enzymes and Mucus

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10
Q

Water

A

Ions are transported from ECF into the Lumen
Creates osmotic gradient for water movement

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11
Q

Digestive Enzymes

A
  • Exocrine glands (Salivary and pancreas)
  • Epithelial cells in stomach and small intestine
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12
Q

Zymogen

A

Inactive enzymes

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13
Q

Mucus

A

Viscous glycoprotein (mucins) secretions that protect GI cells and lubricate the contents

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14
Q

Most fluid secretion fascilitates

A

Digestion

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15
Q

Two purposes of motility

A
  1. Moves food from mouth to anus
  2. Mechanically mixing food breaks it into uniformly small particles
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16
Q

Muscles involved in motility

A

Skeletal and Smooth Muscle

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17
Q

How are smooth muscles of motility modifies

A

Chemical and mechanical input from nerves
Hormones and paracrine signals

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18
Q

Phasic smooth muscle

A

Cycle of contraction and relaxation
In esophagus, stomach and large intestile

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19
Q

Slow wave

A

Modified by chemical input from neurons, hormones and paracrine signals

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20
Q

Where do slow waves likely orginate from

A

Interstitial cells of cajal (icc)

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21
Q

ICC

A

Modified smooth muscle cells serving as the pacemaker for slow wave activity

22
Q

Migrating Motor Complex

A

Starts in stomach and passes from section to section terminating at the ilum (Through the small intestine)
Inbetween meals.
Sweeps food remnants and bacteria out of the upper GI tract and into the large intestine

23
Q

Peristaltic Contractions

A

During or following a meal
Circular layer of smooth muscle: Contracts responsible for forward movement

24
Q

Segmental Contractions

A

Are responsible for mixing
Circular and longitudinal contractions

25
Q

Primarily Regulated functions of GI system

A

Motility and secretion

26
Q

Neural regulation

A

Submucosal and myenteric plexuses from the ENS
Neurons synapse with each other. Smooth muscles, glands and epithelial cells
Short reflexes integrated entirely within the ENS
Long reflexes integrated within the CNS

27
Q

GI peptides

A

Hormones, neuropeptides and cytokines

28
Q

Similarities of ENS and CNS

A

intrinsic neurons: Entirely within the GI tract
Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
Has glial support cells: Similar to astrocytes
Diffusion barrier
Integrating center

29
Q

Short reflexes

A

Original in the ENS, and carried out entirely within the wall of the gut

30
Q

Mycentric plexus control

A

Motility

31
Q

Submucosal plexus control

A

Secretion from GI secretory cells

32
Q

Long reflexes

A

Integrated in the CNS

33
Q

When a long reflex begins in the brain

A

Cephalic reflex

34
Q

PNS

A

Enhances GI functioning

35
Q

Which region of the GI tract has a large amount of bacteria

A

Large Intestine

36
Q

Movement from lumen of the GI tract into the ECF

A

Absorption

37
Q

Two families of HOEMONES

A

Gastrin Family
secretion Family

38
Q

3 Phases within the digestive system

A

Cephalic/oral phase
Gastric Phase
intestinal phase

39
Q

How is cephalic phase increased

A

From parasympathethietic output from medulla

39
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Digestive processes can actually start before food enters the mouth and are reinforced once food enters the GI tract
In a feedforward fashion

40
Q

once food enters the mouth

A

Mastification (Increased Parasympathethetic output)

41
Q

3 main salivary glands

A

Parotid Gland
Sublingual Gland
Submandibular Gland

42
Q

4 functions of the salivary glands

A

Softens and moisten food
Digestion of Carbohydrates (Amylase)
Dissolve foods (Taste)
Defence (Lysozome)

43
Q

Where are secretory cells of saliva found

A

Acini

44
Q

All glands are not

A

Identical

45
Q

Parotid

A

Watery solution with amylase (Just serous cells)

46
Q

Submandibular

A

Similar to parotid plus some mucus. Many serous, some mucus cells

47
Q

Sublingual

A

Mainly mucus cells

48
Q

Degutition

A

Reflex that pushes the bolus of good into the esophagus

49
Q

What stares swallowing

A

Tongue pushing up

50
Q

swallowing centre

A

medulla

51
Q
A

BMSC208 (20 decks)

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