GI 2

Question 1

how are the cephalic receptors stimulated

Answer 1

by sight, smell, taste and chewing of food ; emotional state

Question 2

what is the name of receptors in the stomach and how are they stimulated

Answer 2

gastric receptors -> stimulated by distension, acidity and AAs

Question 3

what hormones mediate the intestinal receptors

Answer 3

secretin, CCK and GIP

Question 4

how are the intestinal receptors stimulated

Answer 4

distension, acidity, osmolarity and digestive products

Question 5

the ______ is the feeding center in the lateral region of the brain

Answer 5

hypothalamus

Question 6

true or false - animals with a lesion in the hypothalamus can become overweight

Answer 6

false - they lose alot of weight -> anorexia

Question 7

the ____ center in the _____ region make you feel full when activated

Answer 7

satiety, ventromedial

Question 8

name the 4 anorexigenic factors that influence food intake, and where they are from

Answer 8

leptin - adipose
insulin - pancrease
peptide YY - intestines
melanocortin - hypothalamus

Question 9

what is the name of the neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that stimulates hunger

Answer 9

neuropeptide Y

Question 10

describe ghrelin

Answer 10

it is a orexigenic factor -> released from endocrine cells during fasting -> stimulates release of NPY

Question 11

where is the thirst center and how is stimulated

Answer 11

it is in the hypothalamus -> stimulated by plasma osmolarity and significantly decreased plasma volume, dry throat/mouth

Question 12

how do baroreceptors work in the thirst center

Answer 12

baroreceptors in kidney afferent arteries -> activates the renin angiotensin system -> angiotensin 2 has direct effect to increase thirst

Question 13

true or false - oxytocin is the antidiuretic hormone that helps increase thirst

Answer 13

false -> vasopressin

Question 14

what type of receptors play a role in thirst after there is an increase in plasma osmolarity

Answer 14

osmoreceptors

Question 15

list the three main pairs of salivary glands

Answer 15

parotid , submandibular and sublingual

Question 16

true or false - the parotid gland releases water secretions

Answer 16

true

Question 17

what are the components of saliva

Answer 17

water, electrolytes, digestive enzymes and glycoproteins

Question 18

true or false - saliva is rich in sodium and chloride ions

Answer 18

false - it is rich in HCO3 and potassium ions

Question 19

how does saliva act as a buffer

Answer 19

it contains HCO3 which neutralizes acid

Question 20

what are the major cells of salivary glands and explain the function

Answer 20

acinar cells - important for protein, electrolyte and water secretion
ductal cells - creates alkaline and hypotonic nature
myoepithelial cells - pushes saliva from acinus into duct

Question 21

true or false - the sympathetic pathway is the predominant regulatory pathway

Answer 21

false - parasympathetic is

Question 22

what are some of the sympathetic effects on salivary glands

Answer 22

increases saliva flow
increased secretion from acinar cells
stimulates myoepithelial cells

Question 23

carbohydrates are digested in the _______ by
_____

Answer 23

small intestine and pancreatic amylase

Question 24

what is the treatment for dry mouth

Answer 24

frequent sips of water and fluoride

Question 25

where is the larynx voice box located

Answer 25

between the pharynx and trachea

Question 26

define the difference between the glottis and epiglottis

Answer 26

glottis - area around vocal cords
epiglottis - tissue flap that covers the trachea during swallowing

Question 27

list the physiological steps of swallowing

Answer 27

1. tongue pushes food bolus to the back of pharynx
2. elevation of soft palate to prevent food from entering nasal passage
3. epiglottis covers glottis to prevent food from entering trachea
4. food goes down esophagus

Question 28

what kinds of muscle surrounds the esophagus

Answer 28

skeletal muscle - upper
smooth muscle - lower

Question 29

_____ is the main driving force of swallowing

Answer 29

peristalsis