GI 2 Flashcards
how are the cephalic receptors stimulated
by sight, smell, taste and chewing of food ; emotional state
what is the name of receptors in the stomach and how are they stimulated
gastric receptors -> stimulated by distension, acidity and AAs
what hormones mediate the intestinal receptors
secretin, CCK and GIP
how are the intestinal receptors stimulated
distension, acidity, osmolarity and digestive products
the ______ is the feeding center in the lateral region of the brain
hypothalamus
true or false - animals with a lesion in the hypothalamus can become overweight
false - they lose alot of weight -> anorexia
the ____ center in the _____ region make you feel full when activated
satiety, ventromedial
name the 4 anorexigenic factors that influence food intake, and where they are from
leptin - adipose
insulin - pancrease
peptide YY - intestines
melanocortin - hypothalamus
what is the name of the neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that stimulates hunger
neuropeptide Y
describe ghrelin
it is a orexigenic factor -> released from endocrine cells during fasting -> stimulates release of NPY
where is the thirst center and how is stimulated
it is in the hypothalamus -> stimulated by plasma osmolarity and significantly decreased plasma volume, dry throat/mouth
how do baroreceptors work in the thirst center
baroreceptors in kidney afferent arteries -> activates the renin angiotensin system -> angiotensin 2 has direct effect to increase thirst
true or false - oxytocin is the antidiuretic hormone that helps increase thirst
false -> vasopressin
what type of receptors play a role in thirst after there is an increase in plasma osmolarity
osmoreceptors
list the three main pairs of salivary glands
parotid , submandibular and sublingual
true or false - the parotid gland releases water secretions
true
what are the components of saliva
water, electrolytes, digestive enzymes and glycoproteins
true or false - saliva is rich in sodium and chloride ions
false - it is rich in HCO3 and potassium ions
how does saliva act as a buffer
it contains HCO3 which neutralizes acid
what are the major cells of salivary glands and explain the function
acinar cells - important for protein, electrolyte and water secretion
ductal cells - creates alkaline and hypotonic nature
myoepithelial cells - pushes saliva from acinus into duct
true or false - the sympathetic pathway is the predominant regulatory pathway
false - parasympathetic is
what are some of the sympathetic effects on salivary glands
increases saliva flow
increased secretion from acinar cells
stimulates myoepithelial cells
carbohydrates are digested in the _______ by
_____
small intestine and pancreatic amylase
what is the treatment for dry mouth
frequent sips of water and fluoride
where is the larynx voice box located
between the pharynx and trachea
define the difference between the glottis and epiglottis
glottis - area around vocal cords
epiglottis - tissue flap that covers the trachea during swallowing
list the physiological steps of swallowing
- tongue pushes food bolus to the back of pharynx
- elevation of soft palate to prevent food from entering nasal passage
- epiglottis covers glottis to prevent food from entering trachea
- food goes down esophagus
what kinds of muscle surrounds the esophagus
skeletal muscle - upper
smooth muscle - lower
_____ is the main driving force of swallowing
peristalsis
