Blood Flashcards
What is blood and where is it found?
1) blood is a liquid connective tissue (dissolved in plasma) and carries gases, waste, nutrients, hormones
2) travels through the circulatory system (in blood vessels and tissue sites)
What is a critical physical property of blood, and why is it important?
- heavier and more viscous than water
- gravity can act on it and causes sedimentation (can separate the components when centrifuged)
What are the components of blood after centrifugation?
1) plasma: 55% of blood volume (top)
- non-cellular component, contains many ions
2) White blood cells: <1% of blood volume (middle)
- contains leukocytes (WBC) and thrombocytes (platelets)
- buffy coat
3) Red blood cells: 45% of blood volume (bottom)
- erythrocytes (carry oxygen to tissues)
Hematocrit is the percent of total blood volume occupied by _______. For healthy females it is _____ +/- 5%, and for healthy males it is _____ +/- 5%.
1) packed red blood cells
-> (volume of packed RBC/total blood volume) x 100 = hematocrit
2) females: 42 +/- 5%
males: 47 +/- 5%
What is the clinical significance of the hematocrit?
The hematocrit can be used to determine if there is abnormality in the amount of RBCs in your body
- anemia (low RBC count = low oxygen delivery to tissues)
- polycythemia (high RBC count = increased oxygen delivery to tissues, usually caused by an adaptation to climates with low oxygen)
There are two categories of fluid compartments in the body, what are they?
1) intracellular fluid: fluid inside cells
2) extracellular fluid: outside cells
ex. plasma, interstitial fluid
What are the 4 main function of blood?
1) transport (O2, nutrients, gases, waste, hormones, heat)
2) regulation (ion and pH balance)
3) defense (immune protection)
4) hemostasis (prevent blood loss)
What is the composition of plasma?
a) cellular components, water, ions
b) cellular components, vitamins, gases
c) hormones, lipids, cellular components
d) water, hormones, waste products
d) water, hormones, waste products
NO CELLULAR COMPONENTS
Plasma also contains: nutrients, ions, organic molecules (amino acids, lipids, proteins), gases (O2, CO2)
What are the 5 main functions of plasma proteins?
1) colloid osmotic pressure (distribution of water inside the body): albumins
2) buffering (controlling ion concentration and pH balance)
3) transport (via binding to plasma proteins to travel in body): albumins, globulins, transferrin
4) defense (antibodies for immune defense): globulins
5) hemostasis (preventing the loss of blood): fibrinogen, globulins
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and transferrin are found in the ________ component of blood. Name the functions of each protein.
1) albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and tranferrins are found in the PLASMA component of blood
2) Functions of each protein:
- albumins: colloid osmotic pressure, carriers
- globulins: clotting factors, antibodies, carriers
- fibrinogen: blood clotting
- transferrin: iron transport
True or False: Oxidation is the process when each ferrous iron combines with a molecule of oxygen.
FALSE: Oxygenation is when each ferrous iron combines with a molecule of oxygen to form an oxyhaemoglobin that has a relaxed binding structure
What are two factors that make CO dangerous?
- Hb has a higher affinity for CO
- CO does not displace from binding site, occupies spot, O2 isn’t able to bind
What are the 3 important factors for hematopoiesis?
- cytokines = erythopoietin (EPO) stimulates RBC production
- dietary factors (iron for Hb, folic acid, vitamin B12)
- intrinsic factor (made in stomach cells and required for absorption in vitamin B12)
How is hematopoiesis regulated? (hint: starts in kidneys)
- decreased tissue oxygenation to kidneys
- increase erythropoietin secretion in kidneys
- increase plasma erythropoietin
- EPO acts on bone marrow
- increase in erythrocytes
- increased blood Hb concentration
- increased oxygen carrying capacity
- increased tissue oxygenation
How is iron circulated throughout the body?
- iron absorbed from food and transferred into blood via transferrin
- iron recirculation
- bone marrow
- increase erythrocyte formation
- production of erythrocyte hemoglobin
What is anemia? What are the causes of anemia?
Anemia: decrease in oxygen carrying capacity due to low RBC or low Hb in RBC
1) lack of iron
2) lack of IF or B12 = pernicious anemia
3) damage of bone marrow = aplastic anemia
4) chronic kidney disease (decrease in erythropoietin)
5) break down of RBC due to abnormal shape or immune reactions = hemolytic anemia
6) blood loss = hemorrhagic anemia
7) abnormal structure of Hb = sickle cell anemia
Why does sickle cell anemia cause problems
- amino acid mutation in beta chain -> hard, non-flexible membranes
- due to abnormal shape they get broken down by body -> hemolytic anemia
Vitamin B12 is required for normal production of RBC. Vitamin B12 is obtained from ______ and is absorbed into the GI via ___________ which is produced from _________.
diet, intrinsic factor, stomach wall
Compare and contrast the 2 types of immunity
1) innate immunity
- non-specific
- no memory
- fast
- uses phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
- major molecule: complement proteins
2) adaptive immunity
- specific
- memory (3 Rs = recognize, respond, remember)
- slow
- uses lymphocytes (B and T cells)
- major molecule: antibodies and cytotoxic molecules
Maturation pathway of PMNGs
1) bone marrow
2) enter blood vessel - granulocyte
3) enter tissue - granulocyte
Maturation pathway of monocytes
1) bone marrow
2) enter blood vessel - monocyte
3) enter tissue - macrophage
Maturation pathway of B-cells
1) bone marrow
2) enter blood vessel - lymphocyte
3) enter tissue - lymphocyte
Maturation pathway of T-cells
1) starts off as WBC precursor in bone marrow
2) matures in thymus gland as T cell
3) enters blood vessel - lymphocyte
4) enters tissue - lymphocyte
What are the pros and cons of the immune system?
Pro:
- defend against foreign invaders
- remove old/damaged/abnormal cells
Con:
- can have exaggerated response to harmless substances (ex. allergies)
- can have autoimmune reactions (attack your own system)
How is inflammation induced and what does it induce?
Inflammation: non-specific response to tissue injury
- induced by injury
-induces: destruction of non-self, healing/resolution, fibrosis
Physical characteristics of inflammation
- redness
- swelling
- heat
- pain
- loss of function
What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?
3 Rs
1) recognize
2) respond
3) remember
What is the function of activated complement proteins
OIL
1) opsonization = potentiated phagocytosis
2) inflammation mediator = histamine release
3) lysis via MAC formation = pore on bacteria surface
What are the effects of humoral immunity (adaptive)
Direct: antibodies neutralize toxic molecules from bacteria
Indirect: use antibody as opsonin for OIL (complement system = innate)
What are antibodies composed of?
- 2 heavy chains, and 2 light chains
- light and heavy are connected via disulfide bridges
- highly specific
Compare and contrast the two types of immunizations
Active:
- direct exposure to antigen from vaccines
- antibodies are self generated
- immunity takes time
- long duration of immunity
- combat future infection
Passive:
- transferred from mother to fetus
- antibodies passed on from mother
- immediate immunity
- short-lived duration of immunity
- temporary until child is fully developed
A pro-hemostatic factor is one that ________ and is _______ coagulant, while an anti-hemostatic factor is one that _______ and is _______ coagulant.
prevents blood loss, pro
keeps blood fluid, anti
Maturation pathway of platelets
1) start as pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow
2) megakaryocytes
3) platelets pinch off from megakaryote cytoplasm
True/false: platelets do not contain nucleus
True
What do platelets use as a source of energy?
glycogen
Compare and contrast the types of granules in platelets
Alpha granules:
- large molecules
ex. von Wildebrand factor, growth factors, clotting factors, cytokines
Dense granules:
ex. ADP and ATP, serotonin, calcium
